Articles

This article examines the influence of Yu.K. Shchutsky’s identity as a scholar-translator on his Russian translation of the Book of Changes. Shchutsky’s education, professional experience, and cultural background shaped his unique identity as a scholar-translator. These factors enabled him not only to accurately render the original language but also to deeply interpret the philosophical and cultural dimensions of the text. The analysis is conducted from two perspectives: the preparatory stage of the translation and the translation process itself. Shchutsky’s personal spiritual motivation, the influence of anthroposophy, and his aspiration for dialogue between Chinese and Western cultures formed the foundation of his translation work. His application of a deep translation strategy and integration of his own academic research significantly enhanced the scholarly value of the translation. Shchutsky’s work not only provided Russian-speaking readers with access to the Chinese philosophy of the Book of Changes but also made a substantial contribution to cultural exchange between East and West. In this process, the translator’s subjectivity is particularly evident: it is manifested in the way Shchutsky interprets the source text, makes deliberate linguistic choices, and reconfigures cultural meanings in translation. This case highlights the importance of a translator’s identity in the translation process and its profound impact on the quality of the translated text.

Object: Th is study investigates the errors produced by neural network translation systems and explores how these errors can be leveraged to enhance translator training. It addresses the increasing role of machine translation in the translation landscape and the importance of equipping future translators with the skills to critically evaluate and effectively utilize these technologies. 

Methods: The research combines an overview of existing literature on machine translation errors and translator training methodologies with a practical analysis of machine translation outputs. A specific article (“Compressor training courses: a positive for over 10 years of continuing improvement”) is used as a case study. The study compares the pre-translation analysis and the translation of this article generated by different neural network translation platforms (ChatGPT, DeepL, Google Translate, Yandex Translate) with human analysis. The identified discrepancies and errors are then examined for their potential use in developing targeted training exercises. 

Findings: The analysis reveals that neural network translation systems still struggle with contextual understanding, nuanced language, and accurate rendering of specialized terminology, particularly in texts blending scientific, technical, and promotional elements. Th e systems oft en produce inaccurate pre-translation analyses, stylistic inconsistencies, word choice errors, and fail to capture the intended meaning and tone of the source text. However, the study demonstrates that these errors, when carefully analyzed, can serve as valuable learning material for translator trainees. By identifying and correcting these errors, students can develop critical thinking skills, improve their understanding of source and target language nuances, and hone their ability to make informed translation decisions. For example, neural networks oft en miss the appropriate register and fail to recognize industry specific terms, or even suggest the wrong language registers. 

Conclusion: The study concludes that while machine translation tools are becoming increasingly sophisticated, they are not yet capable of replacing human translators. Instead, the future of the translation profession lies in the collaboration between human expertise and technological tools. By incorporating the analysis of machine translation errors into translator training programs, educators can equip students with the skills necessary to effectively utilize these tools, critically evaluate their output, and deliver high-quality translations that meet the demands of an increasingly globalized world. A balanced approach is advocated, emphasizing both the use of digital tools and the development of critical text comprehension skills, particularly in specialized domains.

Since the creation of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative in China, there have been clearer requirements for the competences of language service professionals, and the demand for high-quality non-general translators has increased significantly. Russian, one of the official languages of non-native communication, is represented in China by more than 200 colleges and universities offering professional courses. With the introduction of the Master’s and Doctor’s degrees in translation to the national Catalogue of Disciplines and Specialties of Postgraduate Education, the cultivation of high-end applied translation talents in China has entered a new stage of development. High-end translation talents are supposed to have national sense and international vision, master language, translation, culture, technology, management and other professional knowledge, possess translation abilities, cross-cultural abilities, technical abilities, innovation abilities, communication abilities, management abilities and relevant business qualities, understand the development trend of the language service industry, business content, workflow, overseas market and be capable of working in language service positions in various Chinese and overseas institutions or enterprises and agencies. Thus, through collaborative cultivation, platform cultivation, thematic cultivation and technological cultivation, translation talents can consolidate their basic language competence and that in cultural literacy, improve their ability to combine theoretical research with translation and interpreting practice, strengthen their ability to apply translation technologies, and develop the ability to organize translation projects and professionally manage them.

In this article, from the perspective of linguodidactics, the phenomenon of antonymy, which is a problem in translation, is considered as a search for semantic dominants. Russian language teaching means that mastering the peculiarities of the emergence and functioning of antonymic pairs becomes one of the leading tasks if we assume that the ultimate goal of teaching is to teach students how to understand and translate texts from Russian into Chinese and vice versa. 

Against the background of the classification of antonyms accepted in Russian linguistics, the article analyzes their problem areas, which require sufficiently deep linguistic knowledge in two languages, and the need for a thorough, thoughtful attitude on the part of students to the ways of their translation transformation. Our many years’ experience of working with the Chinese audience allows us to give some recommendations that take into account the difficulties in the formation of language competence in the training of future translators in Chinese universities.

This article analyzes the creative heritage of the American writer Stephen King who has become famous for his works in the genres of horror literature and dark fantasy. In the course of the study, the authors study semantic, functional, structural metaphors, their stylistic and linguocultural features using the example of Stephen King’s stories “The Apt Pupil” and “Rainy Season”. The research methodology is based on a comparative analysis of the original works and translations by Russian linguists S.E. Task, M.V. Opaleva, V.V. Antonov, I.G. Pochitalin, B.G. Lyubartsev, V.A. Weber. The chronological framework of the study covers the period of the conceptualization of Stephen King’s work (translations by S.E. Task and I.G. Pochitalin) from 1991 to the latest experiments in the linguocultural rethinking of the comparative method (translation by V.V. Antonov) in 2012–2013. The main course of the study directed at analyzing the characteristic features of original metaphors and their translation forms, which lose and gain unique cultural features in comparison with the context in English. This approach clearly demonstrates not only the diversity of the author’s idiostyle, which touches on both the mystical-religious and personal feelings of the modern man, but also the acute social problems of modern society. It allows us to trace the emergence of new meanings in translated forms of metaphors. The results of the study show that quite often translators of Stephen King, trying to adapt the text, lose flexibility.

A metaphor in diplomatic discourse is a figure of speech or expression that transfers meaning from one context to another, usually to enhance the impact of a message or make complex ideas easier to understand. In diplomacy, metaphors are oft en used to make communication more visual and memorable, as well as to covertly convey intentions and positions without directly expressing them. This article explores the complexities and subtleties of translating metaphorical expressions that play an important role in diplomatic communication. The author analyzes metaphors used in diplomatic discourse in three different linguistic and cultural contexts: Russian, Chinese and English, highlighting three categories of equivalence: complete, partial and no equivalence. The choice of translation method (literal, descriptive or free) depends on the degree of equivalence of the metaphor in the source and target languages. The study highlights the importance of adequate translation of metaphors for accurate and effective intercultural communication, suggesting translation strategies for each category. The work contributes to translation theory and practice by emphasizing the need to consider cultural and contextual factors to achieve intercultural understanding in diplomacy.

The distortion of culture is an inevitable issue in the field of crosscultural communication, and the use of suitable translation strategies can enhance the degree of cultural facsimile to some extent. However, there is still a lack of literature on strategies for addressing cultural distortion and promoting cultural facsimile in the context of Chinese-Russian cultural communication, particularly in the field of translation from Chinese into Russian. This article aims to study two common manifestations of cultural distortion and explore the reasons behind them, and based on this, discuss strategies for achieving cultural facsimile. The article points out two specific manifestations of cultural distortion: 1) a certain referent is well known in culture A, but completely unknown to culture B; 2) a certain referent exists in both nations, but the cultural connotations of this referent do not coincide. A more detailed description of the two cultural distortion manifestations is also given in certain sentences from Chinese literature such as “A Dream in Red Mansions”, “Outlaws of the Marsh”, “Fortress Besieged” and their Russian translations. By analyzing and summarizing the causes of cultural distortion, this article advocates that translators should follow the “culture should not be domesticated” principle when translating. Under this principle, the article proposes translation methods such as direct translation, direct translation with annotations, and phonetic translation with annotations, which are of reference value for promoting cultural exchanges between the Chinese and Russian peoples.

The article is a review of the textbook written by Natalia V. Kabyak for students studying Russian as a foreign language. It is based on the material of Soviet films from different chronological periods and encompasses vast strata of vocabulary, including colloquialisms, in terms of comprehension and translation. Cinema materials consist mainly of comedies which are attractive and easy for reception. Th e textbook disposes important cognitive potential which serves a purpose of students’ communicative competence progress and adaptation in the Russian linguistic and cultural environment.

The article is dedicated to the didactic principles necessary for the formation of an interpreter’s personal competence. The study and improvement of interpreting didactics is still relevant due to the expansion of international contacts and the growing need for specialists who have not only a wide and deep knowledge of both foreign and native languages, but also a certain set of personal qualities that contribute to the implementation of successful professional activity. One of the components of personal competence is a high working memory capacity. It is thanks to the working memory that interpreters are able to convey information in another language in the most complete and accurate way, so it is important for students to train their memory at the initial stages of professional training. This article offers some tasks aimed at developing memory among future interpreters.

The paper is focused on the issue of lexical-phraseological composition of modern public political speeches, which has been significantly changed over the past few decades as a result of such linguistic and extra-linguistic factors as the rise of verbal aggression in non-cooperative speech acts due to language democratization; the emergence of new trends in economic, socio-political and cultural areas of society; the removal and destruction of speech taboos between the 20th and 21st centuries. These factors have shift ed from the peripheral part of political discourse to its center such lexical units which previously were practically never found in institutional types of discourse and were exclusively the prerogative of personality-oriented discourse. A massive use of stylistically marked and culturally determined lexical units, along with various neologisms, has prompted a need to find solutions to overcome lexical-grammatical and stylistic difficulties in public political translation. Public speeches of the Russian President Vladimir Putin over the period from 2015 to 2022 served as the source of the analysis, because they have a marked interstyle nature.

Discourse affects the semantics of lexical units. Discursively dependent semantics presents a challenge for intercultural communication. This study proposes a method for identifying the discursively dependent semantics of lexical units through an analysis of the discourse on the conflict in Syria, presented in the Russian and French press. The proposed methodology is based on the analysis of the structure of lexical-semantic fields (LSF) of lexical units included in the discourse, and allows us to achieve technological efficiency in the analysis and formalize the results. 

As a result of the comparative analysis of the cooccurrence of lexical units within the French- and Russian-language discourses, it was found that the lexical units forming the classes of conditional equivalence have significant differences at the level of the structure of lexical-semantic fields due to the peculiarities of media coverage of the Syrian conflict in Russia and France. The difference at the level of LSF of the same-named units significantly affects the semantics of lexical units and, thus, modifies its pragmatic effect. These data should be taken into account when translating.

Based on the “Joint Statement of the Russian Federation and China” in 2019, the article is devoted to the problem of lexical features of the official business style of the Russian language and Chinese. The article reveals the definition of official business style according to the opinions of Russian and Chinese scientists, analyzes the main lexical features, compares the similarities and differences of lexical features between Russian and Chinese.

The article analyzed translations of the public signs installed on the territory of China and are aimed at native speakers of the Russian language. It is important to note that when translating from Chinese into Russian, while taking into consideration to the differences in the system of languages, the norms of the contemporary Russian literary language, including syntactic norms, are violated. In this paper, the authors propose a classification of the types of violations of the linguistic norms of the present-day Russian literary language based on the texts of public signs in Russian. The reasons for the occurrence of these violations are presented and a recommended translation option is proposed. Errors in the translation of public signs are described from the point of view of syntactic structures, e. g. various types of phrases and sentences. At the same time, along with the violation of syntactic norms in the translation of public signs into Russian, violations of lexical norms are considered. More precise equivalents for both languages are proposed, taking into account cross-cultural communication aspects. The set public signs translated into Russian can serve as a starting point for further research into graphic, spelling, lexical, grammatical and even pragmatic errors.

In the novel “A Dream of Red Mansions” the author Cao Xueqin connects the characters’ nicknames with the characters themselves and the themes of the work, forming the epithet metaphor. The translation of these metaphors has a far-reaching significance for cross-cultural communication. Thus, the object of our research includes the personal names and nicknames of the novel’s characters, with a special focus on their translation into Russian. The aim of the paper is to confirm or question the adequacy of the translation technique adopted by the translator in each particular case. Based on the conceptual metaphor theory, this paper sorts out some epithets in the 1958 Russian translation of “A Dream of Red Mansions,” explores the formation mechanism of epithet metaphor in the combination of literary and cultural contexts, and puts forward corresponding translation strategies for different interpretations of metaphor in different cultural contexts. The originality of research consists, first, in examining both personal names and nicknames and, second, in evaluating each technique employed by the translator in the light of both the linguocultural and text-centered approaches.

The research is focused on the aspect of functional speech adaptation of language interpreters who are gaining practical experience at the initial stage in the sphere of foreign-language military-professional communication and paying special attention to the search for original speech strategies to achieve the targets of the translation process in the most efficient way. The critical objective of the article is to theorize the functional speech adaptation and underscore the need and importance to develop interpreters’ unique creative strategies in the process of their adaptive profession al maturation for the due carrying out of normal and special translation tasks under the conditions of operational military activities abroad. A detailed review of the scientific sources is carried out concerning research into definitions of linguistic terms such as: “adaptation,” “speech adaptation,” “speech strategies.” The author’s definition of the core of the term “Functional speech adaptation” is given and its main differences are outlined versus the definitions of the linguistic categories “adaptation” and “pragmatic adaptation” proposed by Russian linguistic theorists earlier. The most effective strategies for interpreting are reviewed, viz.: implementation of an interpreter’s anticipation, a strategy for target text forming from the ground of precision information, and a strategy for source text segmentation into minimal translation cells. The study applies the methods of definitional analysis, comparative analysis of theoretical principles with their generalization, theoretical synthesis of the concepts’ definitions, linguistic description method and linguistic modeling. The results of the conducted research make a significant contribution to studying functional speech adaptation of military interpreters in the implementation of interpreting and translation tasks on the foreign military sub-languages material. Moreover, the results of the study can be used for future research purposes of translation studies, theoretical and applied linguistics.

Seventy years aft er the first publication of the Russian author Andrei V. Fedorov’s book Introduction to Translation Theory, specifically focused on translation studies, the present article makes an attempt to highlight once again Mr Fedorov’s contribution to laying the foundations for a universal translation theory and to observe, in retrospect, the peripeteia of its naming, the identification of its research field, its subject-matter and issues against the backdrop of various social, ideological and research contexts. Special emphasis is put on the functional concept of translation; the connection between linguistic stylistics and the theory of translation is retraced; an interpretation of different mid-twentieth-century scholars’ outlooks on the correlation between language and thinking, as well as the main categories of translation studies, is proposed

This article is a comparative analysis of the concept “Memory” in English and Russian linguistic culture. It studies the English and Russian phraseological means that verbalize the abovementioned concept. The purpose of the article is to consider phraseological units expressing the concept “Memory” in both languages. The relevance of the work is due to an increased interest in phraseological linguistic units, since they capture the archetypes of human consciousness. To achieve the object in view, the definitional analysis method and the descriptive method have been used. The phraseological units reflect the idea of the British and Russian nations about the concept of memory. The author emphasizes the fact that phraseological units have cultural differences in each language. It is assumed that this research will allow us to understand the culture and mentality of the English and Russian ethnic groups.

The article discusses the features of the Russian Chinese pidgin against the background of Russian-Chinese intercultural communication from different points of view in terms of the formation and development of regional cultural linguistics. A diachronic study of bilingual advertising communication based on signboards is carried out from the sociolinguistic and linguistic perspectives. The object of the study is the lexicon of two types of pidgin from Chinese-Russian pidgin dictionaries and the Harbin dialect dictionarу as long as Chinese-Russian bilingual signs in the city of Harbin from 1902 to the present day. The change of the dominant language and translation strategy in bilingual advertising communication is analyzed.

As part of the proper names system, toponyms represent a particular layer of every language that hardens the choice of strategy to translate them into foreign languages. An analysis of the ways of translating Russian toponyms into Chinese has revealed that Chinese translation rules are structured and adaptive to the semantic characteristics of individual components of toponyms. In contrast, the Russian translation practice still needs more unity in translating Chinese toponyms. Based on the results of the comparison and summary of the Chinese experience of translating Russian toponyms into Chinese, the current paper presents rules for applying semantic loaning to the translation of Chinese toponyms with regard to the cultural and semantic characteristics of individual components of toponyms. These rules contribute to structuring the translation of Chinese toponyms into Russian and uncover their semantic, geographical, natural, and cultural characteristics, thus providing speakers of the target language with the same amount of information about a place accessible to the source language speakers.

Translation quality evaluation is generally referred to as one the mechanisms for translation industry development and the most important tool in the field of translator training, which determines the relevance of the stated topic. The purpose of this study is to review the problems and approaches to translation quality evaluation highlighting the differences in their treatment. The paper focuses on the study of the cognitive-terminological and system-activity aspects of translation evaluation, with special emphasis on the borderline between the process of quality evaluation and its result. An analysis of the term translation quality as used in meta-translation discourse demonstrated signifi cant diff erences in the conceptualization of this notion. In translation theory, the term is generally used as an evaluative indicator of translation results, although in a broader sense it also refers to one of the main categories of translation studies that requires systematic research and description. In meta-translation discourse, translation quality may refer to a fairly high level of translation per se, but in combination with additional descriptive characteristics the term can also indicate diff erent levels of quality, down to the lowest. To assess the results of translation using classical evaluative terms, namely equivalence and adequacy, it is generally necessary to clarify their conceptual content, which corresponds to a particular scientifi c paradigm. The existence of diff erent and/or opposing points of view on the theory and practice of translation quality evaluation is accounted for by the complex and multidimensional nature of the phenomenon under consideration. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the distinction between translation evaluation as a result and translation evaluation as a process considered as a type of intellectual activity. Finally, we developed a model which reflects the structure of evaluation activities in the fi eld of translation. The main components of this model are: the evaluation sphere, the evaluation actor, the object under evaluation (i.e. translation results), the purpose of evaluation activity, the evaluation method, the criteria and the parameters of evaluation. Following the system-activity approach one can take into account various facets of the problem of translation quality evaluation as well as the complex of motives and individual independent steps that determine the end result.

Precedent statements are an important intertextual phenomenon that makes it possible to include the work in the body of already existing texts but to actualize the game with the readers’ expectations. A quotation has the potential to perform many functions: it can serve as a direct reference to the author or a specific work, it can imply a broad cultural outlook of the reader, it can form the internal context of the work, as if these quotations were taken from texts invented by the characters themselves, etc. The aim of the article is to analyze the precedent statements in the novel of R. Zelazny “Creatures of Light and Darkness”. The extensive use of different types and levels of precedent phenomena characterizes this fiction novel as a whole. Three Russian translations of R. Zelazny’s novel were used as illustrative material. The method of research is contrastive semantic-syntactic analysis. A number of quotations in the novel by R. Zelazny’s novel initially assumes some “understatement”, when the reader either has to have a broad outlook in order to recognize the reference to the precedent text, or must try to guess what it is about. It is especially interesting when the source of the quotation is unknown and unrecognizable, so there is an interpretive lacuna that serves as a challenge to the reader. Translators look for ways to convey and simultaneously compensate for this reticence by various means, including, in some cases, eliminating the reticence itself (e. g. by introducing a reference to pretexts, although this does not exist in the original work). The results allow us to identify the translation that is closest to the original in pragmatic terms, as well as to conclude that there is some continuity in the translations: while the earlier translations are significantly different, the later translation uses some of its predecessors’ solutions.

This article analyzes the formation of the diversity of the genre of the series of novels “The Dark Tower” by Stephen King, as well as the clips of Robert Browning’s poem in the predominant image of the Tower of Roland and the connection with these genre transformations. In the course of the study, the authors analyze the series of novels “The Dark Tower” and the poem “Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came”, in particular, the features of the genres, the compositional and stylistic features inherent in these works. When demonstrating the characteristic features of R. Browning’s and S. King’s creative work, it was found that romanticized fantasy per se includes many genre features that differ from the manifestations of horror and classic fiction: fantasy is a genre in the style of high fantasy and concealment, a fairy tale. At the same time, dark fantasy, although it includes most of the traditional fantasy surroundings, is characterized not so much by the interrelationship between its fantasy elements and the narrative, but rather by the connection between the gothic and the horror types of fiction; there is much less science fiction in dark fantasy than in high fantasy. At the discussion stage, it was determined that the best method for translating the lead when working with two multi-genre works is the comparative method, which is based on a simple principle: “What is it like?” As a result, we came to the conclusion that, on the one hand, the use of a methodological method leads to the fact that in the process of text analysis it is necessary to limit the framework to the conventions of the functional style, the genre uniqueness of the analyzed ones, preserving their artistic orientation and the idiostyle of the author. On the other hand, in this way we get the opportunity to carry out parallel search and optimization of data for its synthesis and translation into the exchange part.

Following the theory of the author’s outsideness of M.M. Bakhtin, the author of the article proposes to sin gle out two types of the author’s secondary outsideness: intertextual and translational. Secondary outsideness is the departure of the author from a foreign artistic world. The author first plunges into another artistic being, and then leaves it. Intertextual secondary outsideness (transgredient) is the author’s departure from the depicted real life and his/ her resistance, in the creative process, to the artistic world of another author as a world image, the pacification of this influencing world, in which s/he has gotten involved through his/her interest in it, by weakening his/her identity in it. Translational secondary outsideness (transgredient) is the departure of the author-translator with his/her own poetics from both the artistic being of the original and the reality behind it, recreating the identity of the original author on a foreign language soil with the help of a language equivalent in order to create a flickering text as “one’s own”/“alien”. The analysis of the author’s secondary outsideness allows one to reach the level of authenticity of the artistic world created under the influence of another, to see the author’s resistance to another artistic world or his/her dissolution in it.

The paper deals with the study of the problems of Russian translation studies formation as an academic science in its theoretical and applied forms. The formation and development history of the famous linguistic translation theory (LTT), which up to the present day has been an officially recognized institutional discipline for scientific and educational activities in the Russian Federation, is traced. In today’s Russian scientific community, along with LTT, new transdisciplinary scientific, theoretical and methodological types of research in the field of translation theory and practice are actively developing. At the current historical stage of development, translation studies is interpreted as a social and humanitarian transdisciplinary science at the intersection of linguistics, cultural studies, communication theory, comparative literature, semiotics, sociology, history, as well as philosophy, hermeneutics, ethnopsycholinguistics and cognitive science, information theory and other related academic sciences and phenomena like “localization” within the framework of algo-cognitive culture. Three groups of paradigms operating in modern Russian translation theory and methodology have been identified: (a) linguistic profile, (b) cognitive profile, (c) discursive profile. Groups “b” and “c” can form the basis for the academic translation paradigm. Th ree types of discourses are introduced into scientific circulation. 1. Translation studies discourse, associated with academic discourse in its theoretical and didactic varieties. 2. Translation discourse which is theoretically and practically based on the first one and serves the translator as their theoretical and practical basis for generating the third type, viz. translated discourse. The last one is a resultant product addressed to the recipients’ reflection sphere. As a result, the author’s “discursive-game cognitive-hermeneutic paradigm” has been proposed as a preliminary model of the desired “academic type translation studies paradigm”.

Translating the central literature of the CPC is an important way to showcase the image of the country and disseminate China’s voice. The aim of this article is, based on the aforementioned idea and guided by transknowledgeology, to analyze the methods of translating expressions related to “人才” (talent/ professional) into Russian in various texts and contexts from Xi Jinping’s “The Governance of China IV” and to explore China’s personnel policy embedded in translation. Knowledge is conveyed through political discourse to demonstrate the discourse of power within knowledge. The research methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches, using in-depth analysis to reveal the social nature of linguistic phenomena. The study shows that in the translation of this article, the word “кадры” (cadres) was most frequently used to convey the meaning of “人才,” followed by “специалист” (specialist), “профессионал” (professional), and “талант” (talent). Chinese industry and other sectors have a “cluster” structure, with each region having its own preferred sectors, and corresponding professional needs vary. Therefore, when translating, specific circumstances and the epochal situation should be taken into account. The choice of different words to express the term “人才” not only reflects an understanding of the situation in Chinese economic development but also China’s official stance on global human resources.

Russian is a synthetic language, whereas Persian is an analytical language. The structures of these two languages are different from each other. The difference between the structures of these two languages makes it difficult to translate from one language to the other. One of these differences is the presence of gender pronouns in Russian and its absence in Persian. This difference will lead to the fact that if there are two gender pronouns in a Russian sentence, the translator will have to apply some tricks to clarify the gender content of the above pronouns. The purpose of the article is to identify techniques and methods for clarifying the gender content of Russian gender pronouns when translating from Russian into Persian. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that this article for the first time considers this problem when translating from Russian into Persian and identifies methods for solving it. This study uses a descriptive and systematic approach. The static population of this study included Russian sentences containing gender pronouns from the text of the play “The Cherry Orchard” by Anton Chekhov. At the end of the article, the methods of translating Russian gender pronouns from Russian into Persian are listed and illustrated by the Persian translation of “The Cherry Orchard” made by Simin Daneshvar.

Different parts of speech, including prepositions, enter into synonymous relations. A number of spatial prepositions with the meaning of proximity are synonymous prepositions. Belonging to spatial relations and constituting a large group, in the language system of the Russian and Persian languages, these prepositions are typical and widely represented. To express spatial relations with the meaning of proximity, synonymous prepositions y, about, at and under are used, which are close and identical in meaning, but differ from each other in semantic features. The semantic proximity of the prepositions y, about, at and under and their Persian correlates with the meaning of proximity provokes a false identification and leads to errors in the use of these prepositions by Iranian Russian students while translation other prepositions as как недалеко от, возле with the meaning of proximity does not cause any difficulty for them. Also, at present only just, these prepositions with the meaning of proximity remain unlit for Iranian students, and they cannot concretize and distinguish between distance differences between the object and locum with the studied prepositions, which is due to the relevance of this study and the reason for the limitation of the research material. In addition, the difficulty of using these Russian prepositions by Iranian students is explained by the fact that all these prepositions can be expressed in Persian by the words نزديک (nazdik-e), کنار (kenar-e), پهلوی (pakhlu-ye), etc., denoting the proximity of the object to the locum, however, the semantic shade of the Persian equivalents does not reflect the distance differentiation between the object and the locum. The purpose of this article is to clarify the distance differentiations between the object and the locum with the prepositions y, about, at and under with the meaning of proximity in comparison with their Persian correlates, and also to determine the existing relationships between them. The results of the article can be used for Iranian students in order to minimize and neutralize their mistakes when using synonymous spatial prepositions y, near, at and under with the meaning of proximity.

The article is devoted to the linguistics of color as an urgent general method of linguistic research into color and as instruments of translation of texts containing terms of color (words with a color component). The problems of such translation are presented in the article against the background of theoretic aspects of linguistics of color as a sphere of contemporary linguistic studies. The linguistics of color is represented as a widely elaborated sphere of linguistic knowledge which has its worked-out notable directions, research institutions and a range of investigating problems. The basic concepts of the linguistics of color are analyzed from the perspective of pragmatics and are embodied into the practice of translation. Linguistics of color’s critical apparatus is considered on the basis of linguistic colorimetry as a collection of particular methods contributing to understanding and translation of texts with color terms. The comprehension of color terms and possibilities of their translation depend on determining their role in the lexical systems of both the source and target languages and their place in the linguistic worldviews. 

Results. The experience of color terms research concentrated in the linguistics of color and embodied in the linguistic colorimetry’s critical apparatus creates possibilities (on the basis of linguistic colorimetry methods and methods of contrastive analysis) for working out different ways of translating this lexical class. The results of the research consist in disclosure of complicated moments of texts with terms of color, the describing of translation’s problems, the compiling of recommendations as to how to deal with the terms of color and eliminate the translation problems and create a natural linguistic environment in the translated text. 

Conclusions. The elimination of translation problems can be reached by using critical apparatus of linguistic colorimetry. This apparatus of disclosure of ethnic color priorities and ethnic color inclinations was created in the linguistics of color and concentrated in the linguistic colorimetry. The linguistic colorimetry based on linguistics of color is a useful collection of methods and recommendations. It is an effective mechanism contributing to the practice of understanding and translation of the figurative structure of lexical units with color components.

The article regards the problems concerning the Russian translations of S. Mallarmé’s (1842–1898) poetical works. Different methods and systems of translation, various approaches to rendering of mallarméan poetics and style are introduced and compared. The difficulties of translation are associated with the originality of the French poet’s aesthetic program, as well as with the singularity of his revolutionary approach to language. Different variants and directions of resolving the main translation problem are taken into consideration, while the problem itself is formulated as a search for a language adequate to the aesthetic, philosophical and poetical pursuits of the French poet.

In spite of the fact that Anton Chekhov was skeptical about translations of his own works since he believed that his works would not be understood in the West, the first translations of his plays into German appeared already during his lifetime and were successfully staged in German theatres. The following article reviews translations of Anton Chekhov ‘s play “The Cherry Orchard” into German by Peter Urban, Johannes von Gunther, Gudrun Duvel and Hilde Angarova. It may be worth noting that there are two approaches to literary translation. One involves adapting text for the recipient, which inevitably leads to a significant difference between the original and translated texts. The other involves translating closely to the original. Considering the fact that all the abovementioned translators kept to the second concept, they had to accomplish the following tasks: preserving stylistic peculiarities of the original text, translating Russian realia into German, managing phraseological locutions, conveying speech portraits of the characters, as well as adapting the text to a theatrical performance since the text should be understandable for the audience and easily pronounced by the actors. In the article we paid special attention to how all the four translators managed the difficulties and presented a detailed contrastive analysis of their works. As a result of the study, we came to the conclusion that the translations by Peter Urban and Hilde Angarova were closest to the original text due to precisely chosen equivalents. The translation by Gudrun Duvel is not inferior to the translations of Peter Urban and Hilde Angarova in the selection of lexical means, but it often sounds insufficiently concise, which distances it in some cases from the original text. Although Johannes von Gunther offered some interesting translation solutions, his translations have a number of shortcomings, the main ones are incorrect translation of realia and unnecessary additions.

The problem of inconsistency of the scenario and other soft - and hardware aspects of various digital entertainment products is becoming more and more popular among the scholars from various scientific areas. The main aim of this paper is analyzing the localization issues of mass-media products as well as videogame localization. The quality of an in-game experience of a localized videogame depends on a variety of factors and the most significant of them are the so-called gameplay issues. Under the term “gameplay issues” gamers and researchers often understand the features of videogame development. Facing these features could trigger different emotional reactions among the players. As a material for this paper several in-game textual materials have been chosen, viz.: Final Fantasy Chrystal Chronicles, Spider-Man and GTA: San Andreas. As the research has shown, the most usable and suitable technique for neutralizing the negative influence to the gamers caused by gameplay issues is the correction of the videogame scenario. Thus developers and localization specialists can minimize all negative influence in a fast and cheap way. However, scenario correction is not the only technique used during the development and localization processes of a videogame’s lifecycle. Here could also be mentioned another way to avoid negative emotional reactions: intersemiotical transferring. By using the toolkit of 3D visualization software a wide variety of gameplay issues could be neutralized. This technique shows itself at its best when it comes to censorship issues. In conclusion, several ways of neutralizing the negative effect of the gameplay issues have been discovered and formulated. The materials and examples mentioned in this paper could be applied in the industrial practice of the digital media localization specialists as well as used by beginners in the field of localization. Moreover, this paper could be of help to students looking for scientific information about the highly specialized translation practices.

This article focuses on the detailed rules of using certain Chinese characters whose translations into Russian are the same, which means the meanings are close, but there are still some minor differences, which is a topical problem encountered in the process of teaching the Chinese language. It should be noted that the basis for the selection of Chinese characters is the semantic context, which is often not expressed in the process of communication. The reason for this concealment is the Chinese culture. This article also studies the emergence, meaning and use of several Chinese neologisms and their requirement related to the semantic context.

The articles dwells upon the study of medical documentary audiovisual texts translation. Some lexical and terminological problems of dubbing are identified and analyzed. Terminology and medical lexis are integral parts of medical documentaries. Hence, the main problems concerning special language of medicine translation are thoroughly studied. The object of the research is to distinguish some typical translation patterns of terminology, medical lexis and analyze translation strategies applied in audiovisual texts. The article deals with genre and stylistic specific features of medical documentaries audiovisual texts. In order to conduct rigorous analysis the terms “terminology” and “special language of medicine” are differentiated. The case study is based on the dubbing of the medical documentary National Geographic “In the Womb: Identical Twins”. Such methods as comparative and contrastive; statistical analysis are applied to the research. Due to comparing the original audiovisual text of medical documentary and Russian dubbing, some peculiarities of translation are observed. Thus, some definite problems in special language of medicine translation documentaries are detected; the main solutions of the problems are revealed. The study involves determination of the most frequently used translation strategies in audiovisual translation of medical documentaries. The comparative analysis of original and dubbed texts reveals that (43%) of medical terms are directly transferred. The percentage of cases when calque translation strategy is used for medical lexis is 21. Only 5 % of all cases are translated incorrectly. The findings of the study reflect a strong dependence between translation strategies and documentary video. Based on the studied material the most common lexical and terminological problems in medical audiovisual texts translation are revealed. It is concluded that context and video should be taken into consideration in medical documentary translation. Further studies of the above mentioned issues may significantly contribute to theoretical and practical aspects of medical documentary audiovisual translation.

The article explores the cognitive nature of sense interpretation in translation and the role of translator/interpreter who reveals the sense meant by the sender of the source language (SL) message and conveys it in the target language (TL). The objective of the article is to study the interaction of competence and interpretation factors in translation. The tasks closely related to the objective are as follows: to identify linguistic and extralinguistic factors that bring about the need for interpreting the sense in the SL, to show the specifics of interpretation in the LSP-texts and to present the typology of translation difficulties that can be coped with by sense interpretation. The findings of the research have shown that the translator is capable of performing his/her professional tasks only if he/she has a mastery of professional translator competences — the communicative, extralinguistic and specialized ones that enable him/her to resort to the key cognitive mechanism of translation — inferencing — that serves as a basis for interpreting sense in translation. While grasping the meaning of the SL message, the translator moves from the reference to sense and derives inferences. When reverbalizing the sense in the target language in moving from the sense to reference, the translator generates implicatures targeted at the TL message recipient. Inferences and implicatures are based on the common presuppositional knowledge of the SL message sender, TL message recipient and the translator who has to perform the approximation or interactive alignment of this knowledge. The interactive alignment is possible if the translator is well-versed in the knowledge of presuppositions in the language and conceptual word view of both the source and target languages. There are two types of presuppositional knowledge: that of language structures related to interlanguage asymmetries, including discursive features of the text cohesion and coherence that are also linguo-specific and referents (that connect language to extralinguistic situations), and that related to the extralinguistic situation (encyclopedic information about the world around us, culture and specific domains of knowledge and respectively translation). The article also presents the typology of the key translation difficulties caused by the inter-language asymmetries, which result in the need to interpret the sense in the SL message and to formulate IT in the TL using its linguo-specifi c means. These translation difficulties are illustrated with interesting examples from the LSP-texts that need a special precision in translation quite frequently understood by any beginner translator as the need to preserve the expression form in the TL, which leads to word-for-word translation or transcoding. The understanding of the role of interpretation in translation of LSP-texts helps to observe the norms of TL style and usage while at the same time it makes it possible to render the meaning and sense of the SL as was meant by the message sender.

N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” and its Chinese translation are taken as an example for study. The author alternately analyzes translation examples from the point of view of representativeness at the phonetic level, the level of word-formation models, as well as at the grammatical, lexical and syntactic levels, from different points of view investigating the causes of errors in Russian-Chinese translation. Methods: comparative analysis, generalization, correction and systematization. Findings: achieving the representativeness of a translation at the microlevel does not affect its representativeness at the macrolevel, but errors in translations that have not reached representativeness at the macrolevel can manifest themselves at any of the microlevels. Conclusions: in their professional practice, translators should strive for representativeness of translation not only at the macrolevel, but also make every effort to achieve representativeness at the microlevels described above. This will allow them to carry out the translation closest to the source text and reproduce as accurately as possible the ideological content that the author of the source text wanted to convey to the reader.

Object. The purpose of the article is to study translation solutions in the Russian translation of Xi Jinping’s speech at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Methods. The analysis of translation decisions in Chinese leader’s speech Russian translation is carried out using the translation-oriented method, which allows us to study the main processes occurring in the translator’s language consciousness when choosing a translation solution by translation text’s analysis. In addition, the study used general scientific methods, incl. descriptive analysis, deduction and induction, and generalization. Using a random sample, we selected speech utterances in text of the Chinese leader Xi Jinping report at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. At first, we searched ideologemes, set expressions, idioms, political terms etc. in original Xi Jinping’s speech. After that we were subsequently extracted from the translation text and compared them. The translation method analysis chosen by the translator was carried out, the assessment of the correctness of the translation solution in accordance with the requirements for the quality of the translation, as equivalence and adequacy. Findings. As a result, it was found that translation decisions in the transfer of the speech of the political leader of China most often come down to direct translation, especially in cases of interpreting metaphors, ideologies and political terms with Chinese characteristics. In some cases, the direct transmission of such vocabulary does not make it possible to make the translation adequate and understandable for the Russian-speaking recipient, and therefore casts doubt on the correctness of the translation decision made and poses a threat to effective international political communication between the two countries. Conclusions. Improving the skills of choosing translation decisions will improve the quality of translation of the speeches of Chinese political leaders into Russian, which requires a deeper study of cognitive decision-making mechanisms in Chinese-Russian political speech’s translation.

The paper discusses the conceptual foundations of a modern exercise book designed to train translators working with the most popular German-language genres, which include journalistic discourse, which is represented by extensive corpora of texts. The authors describe the key linguistic problems and factors influencing the quality of written translation from a foreign language into Russian. The most important factors seem to be logical, institutional, economic and social ones. Their totality largely determines the genre structure and belonging of the text to a certain type of discourse. In the course of the analysis of linguistic means and external factors, the authors come to the conclusion that it is necessary to develop a series of exercise books on the theory and practice of translation aimed at solving specific translation problems and developing specific knowledge, skills and abilities to work with foreign cultural content containing ideological and value components, conflictogenic factors, and subject to the influence of ambisemia. To comprehensively solve the problems associated with the preparation of translators, it is proposed to apply a systematic approach that integrates logical, institutional, economic and social factors.

This article discusses the history and some problematic aspects of teaching Russian in China — educational programs in universities, the level and number of teachers, textbooks, and the content of classes. The first three problems with the development of relations between China and Russia are being resolved, but the latter needs special attention.

The interest in the study of the category of epistemic modality is associated with the allocation of their new classification and consideration of the means of their linguistic objectification. Among the little-studied problems are linguistic means of expressing epistemic modality of credibility, actualizing the denotative correlation with parts of speech and receiving an equivalent representation of their lexical meaning. The article deals with the semantic analysis of epistemic adverbs in the framework of logical analysis. The aim of the article is to study the semantics of epistemic adverbs in terms of the realization of the credibility of the contents in English. These lexemes are considered in the contexts of their functioning. The scientific innovativeness of the article is at the heart that this article examines the correlation of epistemic adverbs and verbs of mental activity: know, think, suppose, doubt, etc. The objectives of the study are to describe the classification of epistemic adverbs according to the degree of expression of credibility of the contents; to analyze epistemic adverbs of credibility of the contents in the texts of fiction; to identify the correlation of epistemic adverbs and verbs of mental activity: know, think, suppose, doubt, etc. The contexts where epistemic adverbs function in texts of fiction are identified and described. The article argues that epistemic adverbs have a denotative correlation with mental verbs and receive an equivalent representation of their lexical meaning. The author concludes that according to the contexts of their functioning, their lexical meanings inherent in epistemic verbs, namely mental verbs, are manifested.

Research methods include scientometric and content analysis, clustering. The research materials are represented by monographs, scientific papers and publications in periodicals on the topic of the communicative-functional translation theory by Chinese authors. The study sample consisted of 6209 scientific papers extracted from the CNKI database. They were divided into three clusters, viz. review, theoretical and applied research. In each cluster, the author identified the key words of the direction and carried out a quantitative assessment of the structure of publication activity with an assessment (a % share of the total sample size).

As a result, the predominance of applied research into the communicative-functional theory in the works of Chinese researchers over theoretical ones was found, which proves the author’s hypothesis about the emphasis Chinese scientists put on the pragmatic tasks of the development of translation studies. It is concluded that studies of the communicative-functional approach in Chinese translatology are generally characterized by the breadth and coverage of various areas of translation, but from the perspective of theoretical depth there is still room for their further development.

In this study, the author made an attempt to review the current state of the study of translation from the standpoint of the communicative-functional approach, but found that this approach still needs further theoretical understanding, further adaptation and integration with traditional ideas of Chinese translation studies. It was also revealed that it is promising to deepen the theoretical basis of the communicative-functional approach for applied research of the Russian-Chinese and Chinese-Russian approach and to develop didactic issues of teaching translators based on this approach in order to achieve better results in the translation of texts and improve Sino-Russian communication.

The paper presents an attempt to explain the phenomenon of correspondence in translation through the notion of truth. The truth of translation is conceived as a complex category that manifests itself through a system of functional oppositions. The central object of this study, contrastively combining all the aspects of translation, is transformation. The paper stands against a unilateral structural linguistic view on the phenomenon of transformation, considering transformation as an interpretative means of translation combining invariable and variable sides. The paper equates transformation to interpretation in translation. In translation the interpretation is represented by transformation. Constructively any interpretation unfolds from its invariable side to its variable side. In the usual scenario of communication, interpretation represents a transition from the linguistic form to the sense where the sense is variable representing a common field of understanding shared between communicants. In translation, the sense is the invariable side; consequently, the interpretation unfolds from the sense to the linguistic form. The link between the invariable and variable sides in translation is treated in terms of inductive logic. The equivalence is seen through the category of transitivity (a potential substitutability of semantic elements on the basis of the same sense). The truth of translation is a binary category with the sense being its foundation and the referential semantic side being its boundary where semantic variability up to some limits is supposed. The interrelationship between the boundary and the foundation of the truth is the matter of analytical work of interpreter. The truth of translation is subject to the logical verification and falsification procedures. The logical procedures precede the translation forming the base of the subsequent decision the interpreter takes to choose an equivalent. The paper deals also with the function of style, sociocultural and figurative nuances in translation. From this perspective, categories of foreignization and domestication in their functional interconnection are taken into consideration. Their interconnection means that one category may result from the other. The paper presents a number of examples of English-Russian and Portuguese-Russian translation. The paper may be of interest to specialists in translation studies, contrastive linguistics and general linguistics.

On October 12th, 2022, the III International Methodological Seminar "Didactics of Translation in the Digital Age" was held at the Russian Academy of Education, organized jointly by the School of Translation (Faculty) of Lomonosov Moscow State University and the Department of Education and Culture of the Russian Academy of Education. The seminar was dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of the translator, educator, and scientist Ryurik Konstantinovich Minyаr-Beloruchev, who was at the forefront of the development of the theory and methodology of teaching oral translation.

From November 10th to 13th, 2022, the IX International Scientific and Educational Forum "Languages. Cultures. Translation" was held at the University Pension of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, dedicated to the Year of Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of the Russian Federation.

From May 13th to 15th, 2022, the XII International Scientific Conference "Russian Language and Culture in the Mirror of Translation" was held at the University Pension (Zvenigorod, Moscow Region), dedicated to the 240th anniversary of the formation of the Translation Seminar at the Imperial Moscow University.

On November 24th and 25th, the International Philological Forum in Memory of Academician Lyudmila Alekseevna Verbickaya was held at the Russian Academy of Education with the support of the Society of Russian Literacy and the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature.

On April 13th, 2022, as part of the XXIX International Scientific Conference for Students, Postgraduates, and Young Scientists "Lomonosov," which traditionally takes place every spring at Moscow University, there was a meeting of the section "Theory, History, and Methodology of Translation."

The rewiew is dedicated to the recently published monography by Nikolai Garbovsky and Olga Kostikova on the history of translation. Th e book is an attempt to analyze different aspects related to the practice, theory and technology of translation in different historical periods. It is based on a wide circle of sources and contains postulates and conclusions that may be appreciated as a valuable contribution to modern translatology.

The article considers the features of the manifestation of the discursive personality of the author of a pamphlet and the ways of their transmission when translating from French into Russian on the basis of the works “Le hareng de Bismark” by J.-L. Melenchon and “Sarkozy sous BHL” by R. Dumas and J. Verges. A model of complex analysis of the author’s discursive personality in cultural, communicative, pragmatic, and stylistic aspects is proposed. Based on the model, the features of the author’s idiostyle are derived, which require immutable preservation during translation to ensure an adequate communicative eff ect on the target language. In terms of the communicativefunctional approach according to V.V. Sdobnikov, the pamphlet refers to a communicative situation (KSP-2trans), in which the translator himself is the initiator of the translation, seeking to acquaint recipients with the work of the authors. The paper analyzes the problem of the translator’s linguistic personality influence on the transmission of the author’s features of the original text, initially addressed to the inner reader, and the question of overcoming such an influence. It has been demonstrated that for the adequate transmission of the features of the author’s discursive personality, the most acceptable methods are compensation, adaptation and translation commentary.

The report will address practical issues of the level of formation of textual competence, based on the concept of text theory, which pays great attention to the category of coherence, since it provides a structural and compositional sequence of presentation. In the Chinese audience, when teaching text formation in Russian, there are serious problems concerning both objective factors (the initial discreteness of the text and the difference in language systems) and subjective ones (a low level of analytical abilities, insufficient confidence in their own creative abilities). The importance of this category is difficult to overestimate, because it has a multidimensional, interdisciplinary nature and should become a unifying principle in the development of curricula and programs for future translators in the courses of “Practical Stylistics,” “Theory and Practice of Translation,” “Business Communication,” “Introduction to Linguistics,” etc. Not only does such interdependence of diff erent academic disciplines in teaching foreign languages develop students’ analytics, but it also increases the level of their creativity, which largely determines the competitiveness and demand for future specialists next to computer intelligence.

Translation of toponyms from Chinese into Russian is to be standardized and unified. Scientific methods of description, comparison, and generalization identified the structural and semantic peculiarities of Chinese toponyms. These characteristics have become the basis for an inductively developed method of unification of the translation of Chinese toponyms into Russian. This method eliminates existing communicative errors, standardizes the translation of Chinese toponyms, creates a unified structured system of the translation of Chinese toponyms into Russian, distinguishes interdependent toponyms, emphasizes the features of the internal structure of Chinese toponyms, and unifies the rules of toponyms translation with the rules of other types of proper names in the Russian — Chinese language pair.

In modern translation studies, compression has come to be regarded as a linguistic operation, as a translation strategy. However, the cognitive process that underlies compression has not been taken into consideration. Th e authors believe that compression is based on selecting a functional equivalent to the source message, provided that the cultural concepts in both languages overlap. Th e article aims at studying compression pragmatically in various types of discourse in the process of simultaneous interpretation. To reach this goal the authors provide an overview of the previous research that facilitates the analysis of compression from the point of view of discourse; study the linguistic basis of compression; and analyze compression from pragmatic and cognitive perspectives. As a result, a model is proposed which presupposes a cognitive selection of a functional equivalent to the source message based on overlapping cultural concepts in two languages.

Two principles of interpretation are analyzed: the principle of reproduction is based on a thorough reproduction of all the elements that make up the source message, while the principle of replacement involves selecting a communicatively adequate variant of interpretation that would perform similar functions in the given context. In order to establish correlations between cultural concepts an interpreter has to be well-versed in cultural coordinates system of both languages within a certain discourse. On a lower level of understanding compression is limited to omitting redundant elements and replacing them with more concise versions, lexically and/or syntactically, while preserving the informative components of the message. On a higher level of understanding that appeals to the cultural concepts and the language of thought (mentalese), compression involves selecting a ready-made functional equivalent that already exists in the target language and is normally more concise in form.

Оne of the most difficult problems when translating literary texts from Russian into Persian is to understand the meaning of Russian particles and find suitable equivalents. Particles are important elements of the text that concretize, separate and strengthen any words according to the author’s choice. The abundance of particles in Russian and the important role of particles in the expression of emotional-expressive shades of sentences on the one hand, and their small number and limited use in the Persian language on the other, creates serious problems in understanding their meaning, especially in translation. The concept of particles relates to different terms in the Persian language that do not adequately cover Russian particles, which determines the relevance of the work. In most cases, the Persians refer to Russian particles as untranslatable parts of speech that do not have a special, significant function. In this paper, the particle systems of the Russian and Persian languages are described by means of a comparative method and then a number of translations of some examples from Russian fiction into Persian are analyzed in order to identify difficulties faced by Iranian students and translators in understanding the meaning and translation of Russian particles. The authors show that the main difficulties faced by Iranian translators are the incorrect differentiation of particles from homonymic constructions, incorrect definition of a clear meaning of particles in a sentence, the inability to find a suitable translation equivalent or the inability to find a suitable equivalent in accordance with the semantics and style in the Persian language and reinterpretation of the meaning of particles.

This article presents a historiographical essay on the life and work of La Malinche or Doña Marina, translator of Hernán Cortés during the time of the conquest of Mexico. The following aspects that are significant for the history of translation are studied: the prerequisites for the formation of a representative of the Indian ethnic group as a translator for the Spanish conquerors, an expanded range of her intermediary functions during the colonial campaigns, her alleged participation in the massacre in Cholula as an informer of Cortés and, as a result, her condemnation by her compatriots and the formation in the future, the negative image of the translator among the indigenous people, from which she herself was. Thus, the genesis of the translator’s personality is traced, the value aspects of translation are revealed, and the axiological ambivalence of translation activity is demonstrated.

The article is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the publication of the article by the famous Soviet linguist A.A. Reformatsky “Issues of the Theory of Translation”, which played a signifi cant role in determining the status of the science of translation in the system of Russian humanitarian scientifi c knowledge. The article discusses the concept of A.A. Reformatsky in relation to the theory of translation as a fi eld of scientifi c knowledge, his interpretation of some theoretical issues of translation from the standpoint of linguistics at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century.

The Russian terminology school is one of the three major terminology schools in the world. It has always been focusing on the research of terminology and the standardization of scientific and technological terms. Since the 1990s, Chinese scholars Zheng Shupu and his students have begun to introduce Russian terminology theory to China. Russian terminology has profound theories, many schools, and strong practicability, which is of great benefit to terminology studies in China. Terminology research has a long history in ancient China and involved various fi elds of ancient social life. Th e terminology community should be committed to digging out the origins, the formation and the development of Chinese terminology, revealing its development phase and characteristics, researching methods and outstanding achievements, reproducing the evolution history of terminology research, reproducing China’s unique state-of-the-art culture and terminology system, clarifying the important results of terminology research, etc.

This article is devoted to the study of the problems of intercultural communication in the North Caucasian region. The relevance of the study lies in a detailed diachronic analysis of the historical, cultural and ethnolinguistic features of the interaction between representatives of Russian culture and the culture of the peoples of the Caucasus. The aim of the study is a diachronic analysis of the main aspects of interaction between the peoples of the North Caucasus and the Russian Empire, starting from the second half of the 18th century and ending with the problems of present-day intercultural communication. For a comprehensive analysis, the works of Russian historians, sociologists and linguists are used as a reference material in the work, in addition to the diachronic approach, some approaches of foreign cultural scientists are used. The results of the study are reflected in the comparison of the historical, cultural and ethnolinguistic features of cultural polymorphism in the North Caucasian historical and cultural region, carried out using the integration approach of T. Adorno. To maintain the principles of historicism and objectivism, a historical source is used, viz. “The latest geographical and historical news about the Caucasus” by S.М. Bronevsky, contemporary with the events described. Bronevsky not only prepared most of the material on the Russian-Persian, Russian-Turkish and Russian-Caucasian treaties by the beginning of the second stage of the Caucasian War, but also left comments regarding the ethnolinguistic features of the content of these documents. For example, their inconsistency or the incompetence of Russian translators. The historical experience of modern historians I. F. Blaramberg and Yu.Yu. Klychnikov provides further underpinnings. On the basis of the studied material on the 18th and 19th centuries in relation to the southern political direction, a brief description of the modern ethnic and sociolinguistic features of the region is given.

The article deals with the comparative aspect of the semantics of English, German and Russian idioms, representing the value of consent as the basis for successful interaction and communication. The material of research is English, German and Russian idioms, expressing consent and their contexts of use from the British National Corpus, the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The results of research show that the basis for agreement in different languages is understanding, mutual understanding, friendly relations, the ability to build communication, trust, the state of mind. In different languages, a figurative variation of consent in idioms and their different use as functional correspondences in translation are found. So, the inner form of similar in meaning idioms imposes restrictions on their use in contexts and accordingly affects the possibility of using them as equivalents.

The article dwells upon the study of speech acts produced within the frames of the English academic discourse wherein the illocutionary act represents an ultimate unit to consider. Hence, there is an attempt made herein to look into the notion of performativity of English verbs, with the verb “to suggest” being an integral part of the English modals can/may-comprising constructions and playing a key role in this analysis. The field of this study is dedicated to the semantics of an event in academic medical discourse, aimed at revealing the possible trends for mental representations in the course of medicine-related texts reading as well as modelling possible scenarios of such events and their occurrence. 

The aforementioned information with due account of such terms as plausibility, certainty and likelihood that are of high importance when it comes to the medicine and health-related topics, brings across the purpose of this study. This work is thus aimed at proving (and finding the corresponding evidence or reasoning) the fact that the verb “to suggest” belongs to the performative ones. Such methods as due observation and systematic analysis help us reveal the comprehensive properties of the verb “to suggest” as a basis underlying the author’s intentions and representing the new special type of performatives named “implicitly assertive” as suggested by Y.M. Suleymanova in her study dedicated to the performative types. 

In the course of this study, we consider a handful of possible scenarios with can/may-comprising constructions following the main clause introduced by the verb “to suggest” and apply the theory of speech acts developed by J. Austin. The findings we obtain herein bring us to the conclusion that the verb “to suggest” should be referred to as a performative verb, belonging to the so named class of “implicitly assertive performatives”.

With the continuous deepening of relations between the PRC and the Russian Federation, sports exchanges and cooperation between the two countries are becoming more and more active, and China’s demand for sports translators with Russian as their working language is also growing. At the same time, the holding of the 24th Winter Olympic Games imposes new requirements for the training of professional translators in Chinese universities. Currently, the effectiveness of training specialists in this field in higher educational institutions in China leaves much to be desired, which leads to a serious shortage of sports translators from Russian into Chinese. Object: to propose strategies and consider models for training Russian language translators based on market needs. Methods: comparative analysis, generalization, correction and systematization. Findings: the main reasons for this shortage are: lack of a sufficient number of applicants who want to learn Russian; lack of motivation for students to learn Russian; lack of a clearly defined strategy for training specialists in this direction; similarity of educational programs in the specialty “Russian language”; lack of qualified teachers teaching “sports Russian”; lack of new educational materials and textbooks in this area. Conclusions: in order to overcome the above bottlenecks, higher educational institutions of the People’s Republic of China should be aware of the current situation and actively respond to it, namely, to study scientific models for training sports translators from the Russian language, develop rational curricula, form professional teachers, improve student teaching methods, produce new teaching materials and accelerate the training of interdisciplinary specialists who speak Russian well, have sports knowledge, creative thinking and an open worldview. These measures are designed to facilitate the work on the training of Russian language translators in Chinese universities and are designed to facilitate the work on the training of Russian translators in Chinese universities.

Sight interpreting is an important part of the interpreter training process. The methodology of teaching sight interpreting should correspond to the characteristic features of this type of interpreting and at the same time serve as a preparatory stage for further simultaneous interpreting training. In order to improve the quality of training of Russian-Chinese and Chinese-Russian interpreters working within the framework of the One Belt, One Road initiative, an independent course “Sight interpreting” is offered at the School of Russian studies of Beijing Foreign Studies University (hereinafter referred to as BFSU). This article focuses on the features and difficulties of this type of translation activity and describes the whole process of teaching at BFSU in order to provide a methodological experience for the training of professional interpreters.

In the article it is shown that the gap between learner lexicography and cognitive methodology can, and should be, narrowed in an ongoing way and on a step-by-step basis. Dictionaries for learners of English are becoming increasingly corpora-based, and this factor brings foreign language users closer to authentic (or real) English. At the same time, however, bilingual dictionaries lag behind as they do not always take into account the results of research work related to thinking processes, mental lexicon, and cognitive mechanisms of language learning and language use. It is therefore essential that different aspects of learner lexicography be examined, updated and adapted to the most recent discoveries of cognitive linguistics and cognitive methodology. With this in mind, it is demonstrated in the several successive subsections of the present article how illustrative phraseology, i.e. select lists of collocations and utterances, included in the learner’s business dictionary, can be re-worked and reorganized through the synchronization of cognitive and communicative planes for teaching both Business English and translation for business purposes to advanced Russian-speaking students at English Departments at universities across the Russian Federation. The main goal is twofold: to bridge the gap between theory and practice, and to combine the author’s conception of Business English with the author’s theory of translation for business purposes. The combination of the two original conceptions makes it possible to re-structure the list of headwords comprising both core business terms and high-frequency lexical items within the third edition of the learner bilingual business dictionary. The underlying cognitive-communicative methodology is applied to all the five elements of the dictionary entry, viz. the headword, its English-based definition, its Russian equivalent (or equivalents), the Russian-based definition of the headword, and the listing of high-frequency collocations and contexts that illustrate how the word or the core business term should be used in spoken and written business discourse.

Today, in the era of digitalization, the development of modern technologies has had a significant impact on all aspects of public life. Translation didactics and translation activities are no exception. The objective of this research is to identify new translation competencies in the process of translation training so that the translator can meet the requirements of the present-day market. The author defines the concept of translation competence, writes about its changes in connection with modern conditions and suggests methods for its formation during translation training, based on the experience of modern Russian and foreign scholars. Moreover, the article identifies the challenges that a lecturer may face when teaching translation. The author uses a comparative method as she compares different approaches to the concept and content of translation competence. The author concludes that any modern translator must have traditional competencies that have been taught for many years along with new ones related to digital technologies.

Any translation and especially that of poems from one language into another is accompanied by compensation, since the presence of rhyme, meter, figures of speech and emotional tension is inherent in the poem, and the transfer of all these poetic elements is impossible from the source language into the translating language. This article, relying on the comparative method and translation methods, examines the ways of compensation used in the Russian translation of Saadi Shirazi’s “Gulistan” by R. Aliyev and A. Starostin. The goal is to identify the positions and levels in the poem, where elements of poetic speech are lost, and also to identify the techniques and methods used to compensate for the loss of these elements. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the classification of positions of loss of meaning and poetic elements when translating poems from Persian into Russian, in particular “Gulistan” by Saadi Shirazi, made by R. Aliyev and A. Starostin, and in the study of methods of their compensation. As a result, the authors come to the conclusion that the loss of elements of poetic speech during the translation of Saadi’s “Gulistan” from Persian into Russian is compensated by alliteration, assonance, the use of rhyming words, anaphora, etc.

The article takes into consideration the problem of translating humor in fiction. Regarding the cultural and subjective nature of humor, the author asks the following question: is it possible to translate humor and recreate the effect caused by the original text? The article investigates the Cairo Trilogy (1956–1957), a novel and a family saga by Naguib Mahfouz (1911–2006), one of the most widely recognized Egyptian authors and a laureate of the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature. The novel follows the life of a bourgeois Cairene family ‘Abd el-Gawwad in the early 20th century. The source for investigation is the original text of the novel written in Arabic and its French translation made by Philippe Vigreux (1985, 1987, 1989). The methods are strictly connected with the concepts of dialogism and intertextuality. In an attempt to answer the questions posed, the author considers such aspects of the problem as the effect of the original text and its reflection on common cultural knowledge in humor in order to show some limitations of translation and its ability to recreate humor in free forms. As a result, there have been found such translation tendencies as an explanation of a joke by giving a note; giving a note without explaining the humor; loose inserts by the translator that create humor effect in such fragments where it does not exist in the source text, etc. The author concludes that, despite the fact that the humor effect in the translation is not fully recreated, sarcasm and humor are transmitted “correctly” throughout the text. Here are the questions for further discussion: is it necessary to explain everything? What are disadvantages of giving notes? Are there universally fun things?

Original article: Mansour L. (2010) Traduire l’humour dans La Trilogie de Naguib Mahfouz: La traduc- tion toutes tendances confondues. Idioma 20, Transhumoresques, Bruxelles, Belgique, pp. 113–129.

Translated by Yulia Bogdanova. Institute for Asian and African States, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. For contacts: jul.bogd1111@gmail.com

Situationality is one of the seven characteristics of discourse proposed by De Beaugrande and W. Dressler. A great deal of practice shows that situationality plays an important role in influencing the interpreting activity, including the subject and object of the interpreting, listening, comprehension, reorganization and output of the information, etc. A successful translation of a text must seek the closest interpretation to the source text based on the linguistic context in which it was produced. This paper will start with the situationality, argue for the necessity and possibility of using the discourse situationality to analyze Russian-Chinese interpretation, and propose corresponding interpreting strategies through specific case studies in order to improve the quality of Russian-Chinese interpretation, accumulate experience for interpreting training and make certain contributions to the relevant interpretation work.

Nowadays there is a significant number of video games are represented on the market of videogame software products, text materials of which contain archaic lexis. The aim of this paper is to analyze and interrogate the sources of archaic lexis in videogames, as well as to establish the main ways of the translation in localizations in other languages. Typological and comparativehistorical methods, as well as contextual analysis, became the main ones for this study. The article contains examples of videogame software products that have the most frequent types of archaic lexis with a different basis, and also states videogame setting as one of the main sources of archaic lexis. As a rule, the setting of a videogame software product is a determining factor for the usage of certain types of lexis, including archaisms. The videogame setting, being a reflection of the ideas of the developers, carries information about a specific time period or a religion which determines the plot of the videogame. In addition to the setting, an important role is played by the style guide of the text materials, which contains instructions on the use of archaic lexical units that meet the requirements of the setting. The localization of archaic videogame lexis contains significant challenges even for experienced videogame localization industry workers. According to the results of this study, there are several ways to localize archaic lexis. Among these methods, direct borrowing of a lexical unit, as well as transliteration and transcription, stand out. The choice of an appropriate method of localization of archaic lexical units directly depends on the source of such vocabulary, which, in turn, becomes the religious and historical-traditional component of the videogame setting. As a rule, archaic lexis that has a religious basis underneath, the most common localization method is direct borrowing from sacred texts. At the same time, vocabulary typical of a certain era or the traditional way of any geographical region is most often transliterated or transcribed when translated into other target languages.

With the development of translation studies, different approaches to its study emerged. Ecotranslatology is a new approach in Chinese translation studies proposed by Hu Gengshen in 2001. It became the first unique systematic translation theory in China and this new attempt has opened up a new opportunity for the study of translation. Therefore, studying the similarities and differences between eco-translation studies and Western translation theories is of great importance for a deeper understanding of the true originality, advantages and prospects of ecotranslation studies. This article discusses the emergence and development of ecotranslation studies. A comparison is made between Ecotranslatology and Western translation studies on three grounds, viz. the translation process, the place and role of the translator in the translation process, and translation criteria. Various aspects of Ecotranslatology are analyzed, which makes it possible to determine which of them are borrowed from Western translation studies, and which are unique. The author uses a comparative descriptive method and a method of research analysis. The article points out some similarities that Ecotranslatology shares with the Western theory of translation, the manifestation of which may be associated with the historical factor in the development of the theory: the Chinese theory of translation for a long time lagged behind in its development from the Western translation studies and had a closed character. But due to the fact that Chinese philosophy has a unique character, completely different from the nature of Western philosophical teachings, Ecotranslatology is established under the influence of Chinese philosophy, Western philosophy and traditional Chinese translation thought and Western translation studies, so Ecotranslatology we study today also has a number of unique features that distinguish it from all currently existing theories in the science of translation. The article outlines new directions for the development of eco-translation studies.

The article introduces the emergence and development of Eco-translatology in China, examines its philosophical and theoretical basis, analyzes its applications and trends based on statistical data, covering the development of the eco-paradigm of translation research in China and the System model of Eco-translatology.

Since the beginning of the pandemic of COVID-2019, the interaction between China and Russia in the field of medicine has become more relevant than before. Medical terminology is becoming more and more important as a means and medium of communication. Medical terminology was fully developed within the framework of the modern paradigm of linguistics, and its own discourse system has been built under the guidance of the general theory of terminology. In the Chinese scientific community of translators, there is scarce research into ways of translating Russian medical terms. Only by adhering to certain principles and methods is it possible to achieve a good communicative effect when translating medical terms from Russian into Chinese. This article starts with the classification of Russian medical terms and discusses the difficulties and strategies of translating them into Chinese, which has certain theoretical and practical guidance. It also presents a certain theoretical and practical guidance on the translation of medical terms from Russian into Chinese for special practices. This allows terminologists, lexicographers and translators to effectively engage in scientific and translation work.

The article analyzes Information Technology (IT) vocabulary based on the material of the Uyghur language. The purpose of the study is to analyze the processes of IT vocabulary formation in the modern Uyghur language. The techniques and methods used in translation of IT vocabulary into Russian are also in the focus of the research. The lexical units excerpted from the Uyghur edition of Radio Free Asia articles have been taken as a material for the article. This study is the first of its kind to consider the issue of industry vocabulary formation, namely in IT, based on the material of the modern Uyghur language. The Uyghur language, which belongs to languages with an ancient written tradition, has formed an interesting phenomenon in the world of translation. Uyghur immigrants from East Turkestan migrate from China to Western Europe, the United States and Turkey, where the Uyghur language is spoken in an alien foreign language environment (except Turkey). Thus, the English language influences the development and functioning of the language. English is becoming a kind of standard in IT vocabulary formation. The authors analyze this phenomenon in the present study.

The article investigates the potential value of the Russian National Corpus in teaching translation between Russian and Chinese in the digital age. Being an important language resource and a powerful search tool, the Russian National Corpus could be an effective assistance for translation teaching based on the notion of digitalized education. The paper discusses specific ways to use the Russian-Chinese parallel corpus and the multimedia corpus of the Russian National Corpus in teaching translation between Russian and Chiense, and emphasizes the role of corpus in the development of analytical, critical and creative thinking among students in the process of translation teaching.

In recent years, translation training in Chinese universities has developed rapidly. With regard to teaching Russian interpreting, considerable progress has also been made, this can be reflected in the creation of textbooks. This article studies 15 Russian interpretation textbooks compiled by Chinese specialists in Russian over the past 20 years. Such textbooks can be divided into 5 types according to their content and functions: (1) a model focused on language materials on various topics; (2) a model focused on developing the skill of interpreting; (3) generic type model; (4) a model focused on language materials in a special area; (5) a model focused on preparing for “China Accreditation Test for Translators and Interpreters” (CATTI). A description of the structure of textbooks and an analysis of their prominent features according to different types present the state and existing models of teaching Russian interpretation in Chinese universities. The result shows: (1) a certain system has been formed for teaching Russian language interpretation in Chinese universities; (2) textbook compilation is under development and follows two lines: language materials and interpreting skills; (3) among the five types of textbooks, one can choose an option in the process of teaching interpretation according to the purpose of training and the direction of training of translators in different universities; (4) of the two most typical interpreting textbooks, one covers relatively complete aspects of learning, whereas in the other texts take into account the peculiarities of oral speech and offer specialized knowledge.

The article outlines some reflections, findings and hypotheses after comparing synchronous face-to-face and distance ESP and Translation Studies teaching experience at technical and humanity universities before and during COVID-19 Quarantine, 2019–2020. The author offers several ideas for further discussion: distance learning has more benefits in ESP and TS teaching for particular students’ categories, specialties and subjects before face-to-face one, which reflects their different gender, psychology and behavior, technology skills and its availability, personal and group socio-cultural status, learning motivation, environment and other factors. Further research into the phenomenon is needed. The article suggests that it is not necessary for an educator with humanities or linguistic background to additionally learn a technical subject to teach efficiently technical and professional texts translation (at sight) or ESP and explains how a universal collaborative approach, such as collaborative wiki didactics, could assure that. The author considers it necessary to train all categories of students how to use Neuro Machine Translation (NMTs) for ESP texts translation and to obtain post-editing skills. The article mentions the importance of blended pedagogical methods in modern hybrid society; the perspectives of flexible and universal collaborative approaches in face-to-face, blended distance education.

The article is devoted to one of the most pressing language problems affecting the French language, namely calculus. The classification of cripples and their features is considered. Of special relevance is the question of the most harmful types of cripples that can have a negative impact on the state of the French language. According to linguists, the most destructive types of cripples are, above all, syntactic ones, since they can change the very structure of the language, i. e. its basis. However, over the past decades, their numbers have not increased enough to cause concern; nevertheless, caution should not be lost. No less serious is the question of semantic calculus, the number of examples of which causes some concern in view of the increase in the intensity of the appearance of new examples of their functioning in modern French. Based on the available data, it is concluded that it is necessary to continue the study.

The relevance of the paper is determined by the need to examine the features of PR abbreviations translation. At present, with the predominant role of English as the lingua franca, the role of translation is undeniable. Big Data require fast and high-quality translation of professionally-oriented information into many languages. This brings about the necessity to improve the quality of education of translators in the field of professional communication. One of the most popular professions is Public Relations (PR) councillors.

The research material comprises English PR abbreviations, functioning in English press releases. PR abbreviations are constantly updated, causing difficulties for PR abbreviations-neologisms translation.

The objective of the research is to highlight the most important issues related to PR abbreviations translation, as they are of particular difficulties for rendering into other languages due to the lack of PR abbreviations dictionaries.

The methods used to achieve the objective of the article, include the method of continuous sampling; the method of linguistic observation; the method of conceptual analysis; the method of distributive analysis and the method of comparative analysis of English and Russian abbreviations.

Results. The analysis of PR abbreviations translation has demonstrated the absence of universal strategies. PR abbreviations are transmitted into Russian by means of transliteration, calque, barbarisms, as well as hybrid strategies accompanied by interpretation.

Conclusions. The absence of a PR terminological base, as well as the entire conceptual apparatus in this field, requires introducing special algorithms to overcome the difficulties of PR abbreviations translation. The particularities of PR abbreviations translation are revealed. The article makes a certain contribution to the theory of translation.

The phenomena of intercultural asymmetry in the English version of “Navruz-name” by Omar Khayyam are analyzed. The asymmetry of grammatical features in the original text and in the translation are determined. The study of intercultural asymmetry in this paper is carried out from the perspective of intercultural and interlanguage features, confirmed by a lot of scientific examples and facts. It is established that the translation of culturespecific concepts, non-equivalent vocabulary, culturemes and other lexical units is carried out incorrectly. Special attention is also paid to the phenomena of interlanguage asymmetry in the lexical and grammatical aspects.

The author comes to the conclusion that in most cases the translation requires editing, there is an asymmetry of grammatical categories, syntactic constructions and phrases, nominal, verb and adjective phrases with English equivalents. Based on a comparative analysis of the Russian and English translations of “Navruz-name”, it can be argued that the English translation was made from the Russian version of the work.

The article aims at studying toponyms from the perspective of dialogue of cultures. It particularly focuses on the characteristics of Russian urbanonyms, used in the territory of France, as a special linguistic and cultural phenomenon whose role is essential both for linguacultural and translation research. This study is important due to the need for understanding and evaluating the impact of Russian culture and history on the French toponymic system. The research analyzes the concept of the term “urbanonym” within the toponymic terminology, identifies and systematizes Russian-language geographical names used in the territory of France. The urbanonyms were then classified according to the types of geographical objects as well as the territorial units and their semantic meanings. The research concluded that Russian urbanonyms are used for naming a variety of French urban objects (streets, bridges, restaurants, squares, museums, monuments, churches) and are culturally marked. The use of these urbanonyms implies deep links between the concepts of Russian culture and those of France. Thus, these concepts not only deliver a special meaning but also mark their native culture and indicate its integration into another.

The article dwells on an alternative approach to doing written translation powered by speech-to-text software. Triggered by a new trend in the professional community around the globe, it is mostly about replacing manual typing with a faster dictation coupled with special speech recognition technologies. The researches note that this entails swapping written translation with sight translation, a move fraught with greater difficulties due to time limitations and simultaneous perception, processing, translation and output of the target text. The paper focuses on major cognitive processes engaged in both types of translation. This has gone a long way in establishing hallmarks of the alternative approach and figuring out ways of optimizing the most complex aspects in sight translation to tailor it for a phase in written translation, providing faster input of the target text. The ultimate test of the compliance of the target text quality with the requirements for written translation comes in the form of an experiment encompassing adequacy, equivalence and pragmatic adaptation, provided by the conventional and alternative approaches. Based on the analysis of the two types of translation and experimental verification of the prompted hypothesis confirmed the feasibility of achieving better performance without compromising the quality of the target text by replacing written translation processes with some of those employed in sight interpretation. Though the approach is suitable for both young and experienced translators, the latter have better chances of achieving higher quality and productivity. Major constraints on the way of specialists with limited practice are the lack of sufficient number of ready templates and clichés, poor terminology base, and inadequate sight translation skills. Further attempts to expand the study of the speech-to-text powered approach to written translation may include dictation strategies and integration of the tool into the suite of modern translation software.

Dubbing demonstrates annoying explicit errors at the phoneticphonological level. The article analyzes phonological errors in dubbing. The article identifies accentuation errors at the word and the sentence levels alike. The paper identifies their causes and influence on the audience’s reception in interlanguage and intercultural contact. The work uses general scientific observations on empirical material based on logical methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization and abstraction, the method of quantitative analysis, as well as private scientific linguistic methods of descriptive, interpretive, comparative and contextual analysis. This methodological framework ensures the reliability of the results obtained. The empirical base consists of linguistic facts extracted from the British TV series “Agatha Christie. Poirot”. The article reveals errors in the phonological organization of sounding speech at the segmental and prosodic levels. The variability of localization of the verbal accent affects 4 linguistic units (anthroponyms and toponyms), represented by different versions, and violates the requirement of accuracy of interlanguage transmission of precision information. Prosodic organization is distorted and implemented as a shift in the localization of phrasal emphasis and deviation from syntagmatic division. The implicit transfer of these aspects of prosody in a written text leads to deviations from the expected communicative effect. The variability of verbal stress and phrasal accentuation leads to a distortion of the semantics, syntactic structure and pragmatics of the film text. Due to their explicit nature, these errors represent communication failures and complicate reception, requiring the viewer to make additional cognitive efforts to eliminate information interference. The analyzed errors are determined by the multisubjectivity and asynchronous nature of dubbing. Preventing such errors by taking some organizational measures (provided in the author’s recommendations) will improve the quality of dubbing. The terminological apparatus of translation studies is replenished with the promising concept of “pseudo-one-language communication”.

Within the framework of the audiovisual translation studies and in the contest of the Italian sociolinguistic situation, historically characterized by the presence of many dialects and regional varieties of the standard language, this article considers the translation of the film “Baarìa” (2009) directed by Giuseppe Tornatore. Original dialogues in the Sicilian dialect (contained word for word in the motion picture script by Tornatore published in Italy by Sellerio, 2009), their dubbing in standard Italian (released in Italy and worldwide as an official version of the film) as well as the Russian dubbed version are used as linguistic materials. The aim of the article is to compare these three versions in order tp explore and analyze the possibility and methods of conveying the Sicilian linguistic originality whilst translating from the Sicilian dialect into Italian and Russian.

The author begins from revealing some theoretical aspects of linguocultural transposition generally concerned with the aid of studies by Skoromyslova, Denisova, Snetkova. Hereafter the paper describes the linguistic context of “Baarìa” set in a small town of Bagheria near Palermo, that presents the local Baariotu dialect of Sicilian, the mother-tongue of Tornatore. As a result of comparing three versions of the film, it has been found that the most challenging moments for the translator related to the dialect are represented by the title (evidently given in the dialect intentionally), strong phonetic features, some typical grammar Sicilian forms (e. g. verbs: sic. amunì — it. andiàmo), lexical choices (as trademarks: sic. picciotti — it. ragazzi), especially personal names, including various forms of address (ron, mastru, zu’), and gastronomic culture-specific elements (mafàjda, minnulata). Summing up the results, it can be concluded that the standard Italian version of the film “Baarìa,” due to the historical and cultural proximity in some measure between two idioms under examination, succeeds in reproducing the richness of the dialect, meanwhile the Russian dubbed version loses the sociolinguistic connotations of the original text.

This article examines allusions and the most significant reminiscences found in the works by Joseph Brodsky. In the course of the research, we analyze Brodsky’s quotes, analogies, paraphrases and main references to the works authored by famous Russian and foreign writers, poets and cultural figures. A special place in the article is occupied by Brodsky’s allusions to the poetic activities of Alexander S. Pushkin. The use of allusions and open reminiscences is characteristic of postmodern literature. In Joseph Brodsky’s works, allusions allow one to show the evolution of concepts, heroes, scenes of action, or to look at any social or philosophical problem from the author’s perspective. Open reminiscences are usually combined with paraphrases and pastiches, with a deliberate change in the intention of the author or authorhero. Hidden reminiscences make it possible to create a dialogue between two authors within the framework of a poetic work. The Soviet period of Joseph Brodsky’s creative work is characterized by the presence of a large number of references to Russian poets. Brodsky analyzes the social problems they identified. These problems become the subject-matter of Brodsky’s heroes’ discussions. Within the framework of philosophical reasoning, Brodsky criticizes various aspects of modern society, sometimes Soviet society is directly criticized. The American period is most valuable for determining the nature of the influence of other poets and writers on Brodsky’s legacy. With a detailed study of the author’s poetry, you can see that his work was significantly influenced by such figures as: Homer, Guy Virgil Catullus, William Shakespeare, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, William Butler Yeats, Robert Frost, Wistan Hugh Auden, as well as Alexander S. Pushkin, Fyodor I. Tyutchev, Ivan S. Turgenev and Afanasy A. Fet. We set ourselves a task of showing the degree of influence of these authors on Brodsky’s work by analyzing the main reminiscences and allusions in his poetry.

This article presents a comparison and analysis of two translations of the story “Roadside Picnic” by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky into Serbian using the example of the translation of the working jargon of stalkers, which refers to artifacts and phenomena in the so-called Zone, where space aliens stopped for a halt in their travel and then went on, not wanting to establish contact with people from Earth. The introduction to the article deals with the science fiction work by the Strugatsky brothers, their style, in particular the story “Roadside Picnic”. The main part of the article is an analysis of translations of objects and phenomena left after visiting the aliens’ visit. Here, the author introduces two translators of the Strugatskys’ story into Serbian: Milan Čolić, who published his translation in 1979, and Andrija Lavrek, who published his translation in 2011. In the main part, a comparison and an analysis of the two translations is made; where a deeper analysis is needed, the translated words are checked against the dictionary of the Serbian language and their meanings are explained. Purpose of the work: to show to what extent the translators managed to translate into Serbian the special names of extraterrestrial artifacts and phenomena, most of which are listed here, as well as to explain their features. This work with examples is a contribution to the practice and style of translation of the works by the Strugatsky brothers. Here, for the first time, an analysis of the translations of their works into Serbian is conducted. It can be seen that the first translator, Milan Čolić, translated the jargon of the translators verbatim, whereas the second translator used the method of describing artifacts and phenomena on two occasions. There is no need for descriptions, because artifacts and phenomena from the Zone are described in the text itself.

The object of research of this paper is the characteronyms or “speaking names” in F.S. Fitzgerald’s novel “The Great Gatsby”. The aim of the research is to analyze the implicit connotative and symbolic meanings of the characteronyms and suggest their translation into Russian that would adequately convey the hidden implications. The methods employed are stylistic analysis, contextual analysis, lexicographical analysis, etymological analysis. The findings of the research prove that F.S. Fitzgerald’s choice of names is not coincidental, but dependent on a number of factors. Among these are: the linguistic aspects of the names in the American variety of the English language, the possible associations the reader could draw from the characters’ names, the presence of symbolic meanings, the etymology of the names, the possible onomatopoeia and phonetic properties of the names that could bear the additional meanings. This paper states the necessity of supplying the Russian edition of the novel “The Great Gatsby” with a commentary on the characters’ names.

The article deals with the markers of free indirect speech in English texts. The study is aimed at examining the markers and introducers of free indirect speech and their specific role in creating textual interference. The methods include lexical semantic, stylistic, contextual, and comparative analysis. Since free indirect speech as a stylistic device is based on the interference of the narrator’s text and the character’s text, it is characters’ peculiar speech patterns that it is highlighted by. Although free indirect speech is primarily grammatically and/or lexically marked, other means, e. g. italics, may also be employed to mark it in the text. Grammatical markers encompass a wide range of markers which fall into two groups, morphological and syntactic ones, with the latter being more relevant in English as it is an analytic language. Nevertheless, some instances of free indirect speech (especially those representing perception, with the highest degree of textual interference) lack concrete lexical or grammatical markers entirely, so that contextual cues appear to be the only means to determine whether or not a particular text fragment should be treated as free indirect speech. That is why it is often difficult to recognize free indirect speech in the English original and find adequate ways to render it into Russian. Another difficulty arises from typological differences between the two languages in question, with their different sets of grammatical markers. Therefore, detecting markers of free indirect speech in English texts and comparing them to those in original Russian texts are the first step towards discovering a correlation of syntactic patterns in the two languages in question — and achieving a proper translation equivalence. The results obtained can provide a basis for future research in the field of translation from English into Russian, of which the goal is to provide a set of recommendations for translators of literary texts.

The paper aims to account for gender as one of the pervasive forces driving transformation of the literary text structure in translation and to outline possible theoretical and practical benefits of approaching gender as a cognitive dominant shaping the internal structure of the translator’s perspective. The research belonging with the sociocognitive framework of Discourse Studies, gender is approached simultaneously as a function of the translator’s socially modulated self, a cognitive dominant driving the translator’s discourse and the translator’s practical concern. A number of English-Russian literary translations are discussed in order to illustrate that, in view of such complex nature, throughout the translation act gender modulates 1) the cognitive processes of enacting the phenomenological perspective, from which the translator mentally construes the literary text world, and 2) the discourse processes of reframing the narrative perspective, which is argued to be an adaptive instrument of the translator’s strategy. A number of cognitive and aesthetic modes of reframing gender are distinguished that have been revealed to be commonly present in English-into-Russian literary translations. The striking frequency of gender reframing evinces the urgent need for the translator to reflect on pervasive gender-driven differences in the way the world is perceived, conceptualized and categorized by different people and the respective differences in the structure of the narrator’s perspective and that of each fictional character, all of which have to be one way or another relayed in the translator’s text. In this respect it might be feasible for the translator to adhere to the performative concept of gender, which accounts for the inherent dynamicity, fluidity and multiplicity of gender identities ‘performed’ in different parts of the literary text and acknowledges an inevitable marked contrast between alternative profiles of seemingly one and the same gender. Overall, the research findings reveal the need for the translator to adopt and implement a gender-sensitive translation strategy, which is likely to considerably enhance the literary value of their translations.

A new axiological scale of the politically correct discourse in today’s multicultural society influences the key characteristics of contemporary children’s literature and, particularly, its language. The paper considers contemporary children’s literature within the politically correct discourse imposed by society nowadays. The object under consideration is children’s literature translated from English into Russian. The subject of the research is axiological linguistic changes of these texts functioning in the PC discourse.

In the contemporary politically correct discourse, the values, relationships, wishes of communicants are often connected to the emotiogenic factors in communication. They are discourse participants’ racial, gender, and other identifications, which generate definite emotions, positive or negative. Achieving the communicative goals of making contact, obtaining information and selfpresentation of communicants is associated with the need to form a common emotiogenic space for the participants in the politically correct discourse.

The texts under consideration are Politically Correct Bedtime Stories: Modern Tales for Our Life and Times by J. F. Garner and some translations of these stories into Russian; The Tales of Uncle Remus: The Adventures of Brer Rabbit, retold by J. Lester, which have been recently published in its Russian edition with a wide translator’s commentary.

With the help of such methods as discourse analysis, cultural linguistic analysis, axiological linguistic analysis, the paper investigates some of the constitutive components of the politically correct discourse (its members, chronotope, objects, values, strategies, and discursive formulae), which form a new axiological scale in the texts of contemporary children’s literature.

The paper stands for the hypothesis that the politically correct discourse is not acute yet for the Russian linguistic culture. The research reveals that contemporary Russian children’s literature (including the translated part of it) is just coming into the frame of the politically correct discourse, whilst English children’s literature is actively functioning in this type of a discourse.

The politically correct discourse functioning in the English-speaking countries is the target of ironic or sarcastic parodies using its discursive formulae or its manipulative strategies.

Information and cultural globalization as fundamental characteristics of the development of modern communication have revealed the need to move to a new strategy for determining what kind of cultural competence is required under the changed conditions. The digitalization of translation activities has not only challenged traditional models but has also largely transformed the traditional perception of translator’s work. In the present paper translation is analyzed from the perspective of Umberto Eco’s theory that proposes the limits of interpretation. This theory has not lost its relevance even in the context of the digital age. The place of translation can be developed into a situational geometry of the translator, potential readers, a source-text analysis, alternative target-text strategies, etc. The place becomes a discursive locus in itself, apt for the production and discussion of what Antony Pym termed “internal knowledge about translation.” Aim and purpose: carrying out an analysis of the strategies of literary translation from the perspective of Umberto Eco’s interpretive theory. Methods: the present paper was written in the mainstream of an interdisciplinary approach that combines socio-philosophical and cross-cultural studies of the dialogue of different cultures. Results: the unlimited semiosis in reality takes the form of those interpretations that are sanctioned by society; therefore, translation strategies always depend on the characteristics of the source text; on the nature of the “empirical reader” and on the general state of the original and host cultures. Conclusions. Literary translation as a professional activity and the translator as an in-between and messenger is located in a specific intercultural space. In this imaginary space new intercultural meanings arise. Translation as a part and parcel of cross-cultural communication is always a search for mutual understanding and at the same time one of the main sources of preserving cultural diversity. Nowadays, the problem of how to preserve the peculiarities of a national culture when transferring one’s own cultural values to a foreign-language cultural environment comes to the fore.

The aim of the given research is to implement a contrastivecomparative analysis of human and machine translations based on the material of the twenty-seventh chapter of the autobiographic work “Coffee and Cigarettes” by the famous modern German writer Ferdinand von Schirach. The machine translation has been carried out at the Laboratory of Digital Philology of the Chair of the Russian Language of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. The human translation has been made by a multilingual international group of MA students at the above-mentioned Chair. With the aim of visualization of invariance of the translations, the method of graphic structuring of the text has been used. The text has been divided into blocks, each containing a line of the initial text, its human and machine translations into Russian and Georgian languages, and the transliteration of the Georgian translation.

The usage of blocks while working on the translation of concrete texts in a multilingual group enables the teacher to identify the similarities and differences between lexical units, grammatical phenomena, as well as stylistic and semantic nuances on each language level. The similarities and differences are revealed not only with regard to the original and target languages but also between the contrasted target languages, one of which performs the function of an intermediary/supplementary language. Hence, it may be concluded that all the distortions of the literary text during machine translation prove the existence of certain problems: on the one hand, it is necessary to tune the computer to the style of the writer and make it “feel” all the sentiments discussed in the given paper. These issues are analyzed in the course of lectures “Preparation for Literary Translation” at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. On the other hand, it is necessary to “teach” the computer how to deal with the multi-layered differences between the original and the target languages.

This article seeks to show the problems arising from doing a stylistic analysis of Dostoevsky’s novella “The Eternal Husband” (1870). Discussing adequate translation of the story has not yet become a subject of research in Russia or abroad. The research material is representative text fragments and their translations into English done by Constance Garnett (1917), Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky (1997), and Hugh Аplin (2007). Studying the qualitative characteristics of the four existing translations of The Eternal Husband made it impossible to take into account the very first translation made by the British writer, historian and poet Frederick Whishaw (1888) because of the liberties taken toward the author’s content. One conclusion is that the entire professionalism of eminent translators may be insufficient to convey the numerous features of the 19th century’s Russian colloquial speech, on the one hand, and Dostoevsky’s idiostylistic features, on the other. The translations of phraseological units, double negatives with inversion, spelling nuances of the characters’ speech show that the author’s intentional content remains unattainable for the native English speaker. Conscious or unconscious changes to the original language invariably leads to a narrowed polyphonism of Dostoevsky’s work, reduces the interpretive potential of the characters’ speech and, as a result, distorts the multidimensional perception of the protagonists. This study marks the bicentenary of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s birth and aims to spark interest in translating the 19th century’s fiction whose popularity remains undeniable in the 21st century.

The article analyses interpretations of realia in the works by Fyodor Dostoevsky and ways to translate them from Russian into English and German. The authors consider literary translation as a basis for adding new words to a standard language. However, the notions of adequacy and equivalence in translation in this case are not applied to the full, because only interpretations and alternative ways of rendering referents can be used. Thus, every case of realia translation must be analyzed individually.

The authors believe that in any case the translator is to take into account the intention of the original text; therefore, the presence of realia in the discourse significantly complicates the search for a solution to the problem which consists in translating a literary work adequately and fully. The search for translation methods is connected with the trial-and-error method. Using the experience of translation and knowledge of extralinguistic factors makes it possible to achieve adequacy in translation.

This article deals with the strategy for cursive writing training mechanisms in military verbal interpreting work. The authors give a definition of military interpreting work and a brief description of its characteristics. The article analyses the definition of interpreter’s notation and its specificities in terms of military interpreting. The analysis leads to the conclusion that interpreter’s notation improves the quality of interpreting in terms of highlighting the core of the original message, which is essential for both an efficient and fast note-taking of incoming information and interpreting itself, as well as in terms of reducing the memory workload. Many consecutive interpreters use various interpreter`s notation elements in their work, and each of them has their own special writing techniques. Although there are many guidelines available, each specialist develops a personal algorithm. Emphasis is placed on the fact that interpreter`s notation is one of the forms of speech eff orts economy, and by learning of interpreter`s notation methods, any military interpreter simultaneously explores and adapts to speech economy of local dialects, as s/he traces over the incoming information from native speakers. The aim of this article is to review the most common strategies for teaching note-taking in military interpreting, to point out their disadvantages and to propose an original system of procedures and instructions aimed at improving the interpreter’s notation skills. The theoretical significance of the problems reviewed in the article lies in the development and application input of the proposed various models of private notes abbreviations, substitutions and signs in the Russian, Arabic and English languages. The conclusions drawn in the article can be applied in the drafting of lecture courses and practical classes in training Arabic and English military interpreters, as well as in researching the speech eff orts economy principle put into practice by foreign language speakers. This study for the first time attempts to improve the effectiveness of note-taking instruction in military interpreting by applying fundamentally new patterns of exercises developed by the authors during their special interpreting activities in the Middle East.

The relevance of the research is determined by the need for a complex study and description of the peculiarities of the interpreter’s activity. Language means used in the lawyers’ professional speech are analyzed. Currently, juridical discourse is in the focus of linguistic research as it is among the most popular ones. As a participant in the juridical discourse, any speaker in court tries to assess the case, analyze the material and make conclusions that may be ambiguous. Accordingly, the interpreter takes into account the fact that the participants in the trial can present the same fact in different ways.

The purpose of this work was to identify the features of the interpreter’s speech when dealing with speeches for the defence, which, in fact, is a type of special translation. Translation of such speeches can often come closer to other types of translation in the current context of comprehensive international legal, military and political cooperation.

The research methods are determined by the purpose and objectives of this work. Th ese are the traditional method of discursive analysis, the method of philological analysis, the method of analysis and synthesis, the method of description and classification, directed sampling, the historical and cultural method.

Results. The communicative function and the function of influence keep a certain balance and form a dialectical unity in judicial speech. Th at means, on the one hand, that the interpreter must certainly take into account the expressive and emotional component of any speech for the defence, which can be reached by the use of linguistic means of expressiveness. On the other hand, it should be taken into account that the juridical discourse is quickly growing, lexical units appear in the legal sphere.

Conclusion. The interpreter must have a profound understanding of the identity of the legal discourse to carry out a special type of translation when working with speeches for the defence. As a distinctive feature from the point of view of special translation, the rich terminology of speeches for the defence takes an important place in the process of training professional interpreters and in their professional activities.

The study is aimed at identifying indicators of translated Russian-language discourse through the use of textual and lexical parameters in the German-Russian language combination. The work is congruent with descriptive translation studies and does not imply an analysis of the interaction between the original text and its translation: translation as an object of research is not considered in terms of equivalence, adequacy, translation correspondences and transformations. Student translations of journalistic articles of a major news portal served as the material for the study. An attempt is made to identify potentially universal trends in translation from the point of view of the discursive ontology of translation and to establish a set of textual and lexical indicators for analysis. The paper concludes that with the help of exclusively linguistic features, it is possible to identify special characteristics that distinguish translations from texts originally written in the target language. The results can be applied in the field of translation didactics.

Relevance. The abbreviations in Russian and Polish alike are considered on the basis of translation as transmitters of categorical meanings. A number of types of abbreviations are taken into consideration: initial, morphemic (based on the constriction of compound lingual complexes) and discursive graphic abbreviations in general use. Special attention is paid to various peculiarities (including linguocultural one) of Russian and Polish abbreviations. One of the distinctions between Polish and Russian abbreviations is the fact that in the Russian language there are many abbreviations with understandable motivated structures because their elements representing full nominations are morphemic ones. In the Polish language, the main part of abbreviations is made of the first letters of the full nominations. The peculiarities of the use of abbreviations in both languages are explained. It is a noteworthy fact that they are often used in different discourses without decoding. Abbreviations are considered as a complex structured integrative whole. The correlations between abbreviation and its primary full nomination are analyzed. An approach to abbreviations seen from the starting point of mental processes is presented.

Results. The basic results consist in the generalization of an analysis of the development and functioning of contemporary abbreviations in the Russian and Polish languages. It was determined that the creation of abbreviations is conducted by mental exchange of categorical semantic elements of the formations. The aforementioned phenomena are described as semantic lingual universals.

Сonclusion. The products of the creation of abbreviations in each language have different ways of linguo-formal expression. In translating, that leads to the creation of new linguo-mental entities: complex or simplified neoconcepts.

In recent years, unprecedented growth of the demand for language services has brought many conveniences to the interpretation market, interpretation practitioners, interpretation educators, interpretation learners and interpretation customers, optimized the translation mode, improved the translation environment, accelerated translation speed and reduced translation costs. The application of interpreting technology represented by speech recognition technology brings convenience to interpreters and also puts higher requirements on the technical level of interpreters. We have noticed that there is still a large gap in the research into the use of the innovative interpreting technology in the field of Russian-Chinese interpreting. Therefore, this paper explores the feasibility of the technology to improve the quality of Russian-Chinese consecutive interpreting through contrast experiments. It is expected that our research results will be beneficial to the people engaged in interpreting work. 

Any human activity takes place within the context of limitations. Any translator, being a decision-maker, faces a constant challenge to overcome external (contextual) and internal (personal) limitations. Differences observed in translators’ decision-making behaviour under limitations are manifested in the time spent to make a decision, in the number of decision-making stages, etc. These differences come from both the translator’s personality characteristics and the degree of his or her awareness while acting under limitations. An unconscious approach to translation activity leads to increasing eff orts or to decision-making errors and, as a consequence, to a lower quality of translation. The translator’s task is therefore to be able to recognise external and internal factors limiting the decision-making process, and to choose an optimal strategy in each translation situation.

This report presents the results of an experimental study of translation as decision-making, obtained by the method of written verbalisation of the translation process. The types of limitations revealed in this study and the frequent errors coming from an unconscious approach to translation activity allowed us to come to conclusions that may contribute to improving translation didactics and, in general, to expanding the translator’s potential to achieve the best result possible.

 The article addresses English–Russian dictionary translations and their quality, specifically those translations offered by electronic dictionaries, in terms of their equivalence and acceptability in the target language.  The shared opinion of the authors, one of whom is a native Russian-speaking scholar in English Studies, while the other is a native English-speaking scholar in Russian Studies, is based on the belief that examples of inadequate dictionary translations should not be ignored by either translation market participants, or those with responsibilities for preparing future translators, since these cases may establish unacceptable translation precedents.  The relevance of these issues is due to the easy accessibility and enormous popularity of electronic dictionaries as a source of instant knowledge. Another reason why the quality of English-Russian translations in bilingual electronic dictionaries may cause a significant problem is that they are used, along with other resources, as corpora for machine translation software. Examples of dictionary translations are analysed in detail and contrasted against alternative and semantically divergent readings. 

The paper presents a scheme of a functional system of providing translation services. The scheme clearly shows the changes in production processes that are primarily related to translation executors. Previously, it was an individual translator, but now it can be a whole team working on the principle of crowdsourcing or a person using special computer programmes. The scheme reflects the lack of a sufficient number of regulatory documents with the help of which it is possible to identify the most effective forms of interaction for their further continuous use. Moreover, transformations in working conditions lead to changes in the cognitive activity of a specialist. The autonomous work of a single translator is completely different from collective work with other project participants or from interaction with digital technologies. Thus, the existing translation models are also questioned, thanks to which cognitive strategies and templates for performing translation tasks are set. The paper proposes an eco-cognitive model of translation which is based on the theory of distributed cognition and allows taking into account all the factors that affect translation decisions. The new information technology environment of the translation process, on the one hand, helps to reduce translators’ cognitive load due to the redistribution of intellectual resources between a person and a computer, but, on the other hand, requires a rapid development of new skills related to procedure knowledge in the process of using translation automation technologies. Thus, the current research focuses on the problems of the declarative and procedural knowledge ratio in the modern translation act with the use of specialized tools, as well as the issues of eco-friendly allocation of resources that contribute to reducing translators’ cognitive load and timely identification of factors that unreasonably increase the cognitive costs of translators. 

Relevance. The article is addressed to the changes taking place in the subject fi eld of translation, and the main prerequisites for the emergence of Ethnic Translation Studies as a new branch of the science of translation. The obvious ethnic vector of the 21st century humanities, due to the intensity and peculiarities of ethnic processes at the global and regional levels, and the urgent tasks of preserving the cultural diversity of the modern world dictate the need to develop a categorical apparatus and an appropriate methodology for ethnic texts (which traditionally contain cultural information and the memory of ethnoses) translation.

Aim. The paper considers the ethnological and Translation Studies foundations of the theory, practice, methodology and didactics of ethnic translation, which will ensure the training of an erudite translator, i. e. a successful mediator in cross-cultural communication at the global and local levels alike.

Methods. The identification of the prerequisites and foundations of Ethnic Translation studies is based on a general scientific hermeneutic approach. The experience of translating Siberian ethnic texts is considered from descriptive and prescriptive perspectives, thus making it possible to follow a universal methodological and heuristic principle of complementarity and accompanied by methods of scientific literature analysis, comparison, observation, as well as the case method.

Results. The translation history and examples of ethnic texts belonging to representative types of Siberian ethnic literature (the Yakut epic Olancho and Evenki fairy tales) allows us to consider ethnic translation as an important way of decoding and transmitting cultural information and memory functioning in the cultures of indigenous peoples; a way of preserving the cultural identity of indigenous Siberian ethnoses (primarily small-numbered ones); a tool for revitalizing and preserving unique languages and cultures in the modern world.

Conclusions. Ethnic Translation Studies as an integrative scientific discipline is designed to solve ethnological, cultural, philological and translation problems in modern humanities, which meets the challenges facing mankind.

In the paper a new syncretic polyvector construct is introduced into scientific circulation — the discursive-game paradigm of translation, which is an organic combination and complementarity of the translation classical methodology of regular language correspondences and both free and quasi-translation methods and techniques of rendering into the target language of the untranslatable, as well as an adapted socially ordered translated context, meaningless speech acts, etc. The paradigm is built on the concept of complementarity (functional complementarity) and has an open character, which allows to adequately build up the explanatory and resolving power of its theoretical and methodological base.

Since its emergence in human society, translation activity has always been closely linked to social development as its integral part. Political, economic and social conditions have obvious limitations that influence the concept and practice of translation; therefore, translation activities have a strong social dimension. In many translations, the translator not only plays the role of a medium, but may also carry out related editing and proof-reading work. The complexity of translation activities and the interactive nature of linguistic communication make the translator’s role in society as a social individual inevitably multifaceted. In commercial oral negotiations, for example, interpreters often play the following roles: messenger of information, mediator and facilitator of commercial matters, negotiation assistant and informant. An interpreter can be transformed into a reader, author, creator and researcher as required. Because language is a multidimensional collection of information, traditional translation is essentially equivalent to reproducing cognitive, communicative and artistic information. Language, culture and literature, which are closely related to translation, have social properties and therefore the study of the social nature of translation is very promising. The paper also considers machine translation as one of the technologies that take the place of auxiliary actors in the structure of translation activities, the further role of artificial intelligence and humans in translation, their interaction, and the changing social function of translation in this context.

Review of the study guide “Initiation à la traduction juridique — Introduction to legal translation” by Vera Ye. Gorshkova.

“The Power of Languages in Times of Crisis” Conference of the MoU network took place from May, 17 to May, 19 2021.

“Translation Studies Today: Translation and Competition of Intelligences.” The 6th International Conference took place on the 19-20th of March 2021.

The Innovation in Interpreting Summit took place from February 23, 2021 to February 25, 2021.

The article will analyze the possibilities of developing special scenarios for creating a learning environment through the use of digital platforms, as well as the degree to which the best display of pedagogical experience and following leading didactic principles are combined in the course of online Russian language training for future Chinese translators. In addition, the author draws the reader’s attention to the importance of inter­subject relations and identifies a number of unresolved issues related to the practice of developing skills and abilities in the field of foreign language communication in digital format.

The rapid development of artificial intelligence has created great opportunities and challenges for translation activities and set new tasks for the training of future translators. The elements covered by traditional translation competences need to be supplemented and improved in the era of artificial intelligence. Based on the Sino­Russian translation demand and translation practice, the article analyzes the changes that technology has brought to Sino­Russian interpretation. It is noted that the discipline “Translation from Chinese into Russian” in Chinese universities is mainly intended, first of all, for the era of human translation and is not adapted to the era of artificial intelligence. By combining various requirements imposed on translators in the field of artificial intelligence, we have developed a course aimed at developing important translation competences of future translators as native Chinese speakers, including the competence of post­editing from the native language into Russian. The article comprehensively describes and analyzes the model of the formation of this competence in the era of artificial intelligence.

The history of machine translation can be seen as a challenge to human thought and intellect from its inception up to the present day. Currently, four main types of machine translation are recognized: first, Rule­Based Machine Translation (RBMT); second, Statistical Machine Translation (SMT); third, Hybrid Machine Translation (HMT), which arose at the intersection of the two aforementioned types; fourth, Neural Machine Translation (NMT).

The history of machine translation has developed rapidly, with ups and downs, periods of inspiration and disappointment. However, according to M.N. Marchuk, the topic of machine translation will always be relevant for a number of reasons, one of which is people’s desire to know the boundaries of the impossible.

The technologies we use to translate information between languages continue to evolve. For example, Google Translator, Toolkit, Skype translate content into over 130 languages. Multilingual Information Search (CLIR) software (such as Google Search) allows users to search information in one language and get results in multiple languages at once. Social media platforms like Facebook provide instant translation of messages, so content that was once limited to a specific audience is now more accessible. While these digital translation tools certainly provide more options and resources for people who want to interact in different languages on the Internet, users can still face challenges. Digital translation software is developed using machine algorithms that primarily measure grammatical and lexical accuracy rather than relying on user experience research. Most modern digital translation tools operate on a translation­as­replacement model. Users enter a word or phrase in one language, select the desired target language, and click Translate. An equivalent word (or a set of equivalent words) in the target language appears on the screen.

The reliance on machine algorithms and the lack of user experience research conducted through digital translation have left large gaps in the capabilities of this software. To improve digital translation tools, we need to understand how users navigate the language on the Internet during their daily activities, as they incorporate cultural knowledge and localized experience into their translations.

The paper deals with the development of bilingual professional terminology in the field of construction, which is important in the era of the development of artificial intelligence and machine translation. What challenges are facing terminologists today?

Despite the momentous advance of digital technologies, the concerns regarding the demise of a translator’s job are a bit premature. There might come a time in some foreseeable future when the digital translation will be indistinguishable from the translation performed by a human but currently, however, this is definitely not the case — too radical is the divide between the two.

Unquestionably, the easier the task at hand, i.e., the more literal and unambiguous the lexical items constituting the original text are, the higher the quality of the digital translation. Will the AI’s scope of references be sufficient for adequate choices to be made within the language pair English — Russian, wherein polysemy poses a very significant challenge? It would be compelling to behold the Google­translated notebooks by Fyodor Dostoyevsky that abound in abbreviations, nonce­words, obsolete words and emphatic structures, or any other text, for that matter, endowed with authorial connotations and concepts, which defy unequivocal interpretation.

It is safe to assume that a translator’s trade will invariably be forced to undergo transformations; that a translator will arguably begin to resemble the famed Blade Runner from the eponymous iconic film by Sir Ridley Scott, that is, they will have to become “more human than human,” ultimately turning into a sort of a blend of Man and Machine. Still, whilst androids and omnipotent AI algorithms have not yet altogether overpowered the world at large, the vocation of a translator qua bearer and repository of creative consciousness and intuition, which the machines are sorely lacking, will remain in high demand. This is precisely what the paper aims to discuss.

In recent years, with the improvement of machine translation technology, more and more people believe that human translation will lose its living space in the future. Various translation software including Netease youdao, Microsoft Bing, Google translation, Iflytek translation and others emerge in an endless stream, involving more and more languages, which not only improves the accuracy of translation but also arouses concerns about the development prospect of human translation among practitioners. Through studying the language environment of the countries along the route in the context of the One Belt and Road initiative, this paper aims to discuss the future of machine translation and human translation, and focuses on the embodiment of human factors in machine translation, then points out that there are no irreconcilable contradictions between machine translation and human translation, but they complement each other, i. e. the correct combination of these two types of translation will ensure reliable AI translation in the future.

The paper discusses key trends in notarized translation given the transformation of the translation profession due to the digitalization of economics and changes in the legal translation industry in the light of the UTR initiative to implement the institution of court (sworn) translators in Russia. The outcomes of the comparative discourse analysis of the notarized and sworn translation are provided given innovations in digital translation, language samples encompassing the translation agencies’ corporate websites. It is concluded that even in the case of successful integration of neural technologies into the translation profession, the agents of the notarial discourse would still be humans — notaries and / or translators possessing digital competencies.

The paper addresses what apparently claims to be termed as digital literary translation. We have conducted an experiment using different engines to render Shakespeare into Russian. Two iconic Hamlet’s monologues in several versions of digital translation including those provided by neural machine translation tools are considered, their competitiveness assessed. The results obtained allow us to argue that the concept of digital literary translation so far merely indicates the sphere of translation; aesthetics and axiology, implied by literary translation involving retention of the aesthetic value and fascination of the original in the digital version, is a matter to be resolved in the future. Time (as artificial intelligence advances) will show whether digital literary translation will gain the status of the term in its “precious ambiguity” or, fortunately (?), remain an oxymoron.

“Intersemiotic transposition” as a type of intersemiotic translation, known since Roman Jacobson’s works, provides the transition from one system of signs to another. Such a transposition, as a rule, is carried out from the verbal to the visual interpretation, which finds its explicit expression in ballet, sculpture, illustrations for literary works, as well as film adaptations, where traditional types of film translation such as dubbing, voice­over translation and subtitling are widely used. Subtitling, with a certain assumption, can be carried out through the use of machine translation and human post­editing. But what about the interpretation “from the visual to the verbal,” which is characteristic, in particular, of works of visual art as culturally and aesthetically significant objects? Will a machine cope with such a type of translation of statics into dynamics? Research into machine translation of sign language gestures has been carried out since 1977. A robotic hand is used to translate words into sign language gestures (the alphabet into the dactyl alphabet) to help people with hearing disabilities to communicate. The situation gets more complicated when one has to describe the dynamics of “moving pictures” for blind and visually impaired viewers during audiovisual translation (typhlo commentary/audio description). Even people who do not have visual limitations may face some difficulties of interpretation in spite of the explicit verbalization of the characters’ body movements in the film. These and other problems are still to be addressed.

In the 21^st year of the 21^st century we can clearly see the effect of digitalization on all walks of our life, knowledge and experience. In such a way, self­learning neural networks capable of performing simultaneous interpreting become a revolutionary development potentially out­competing a human being in the process. Nevertheless, multiple and mostly unsuccessful experiments with artificial intelligence (AI) in simultaneous interpreting have demonstrated that AI cannot replace human intelligence for the time being. What makes it possible, what retention factor is behind it? Such factors are numerous. One of them is attentional control.

Deep learning advancement of machine translation has resulted in significant improvement of translation quality. Machines are now able to solve problems which have traditionally been known as the human translator’s privilege. Nevertheless, the impressive development of technology should not blur understanding of the essence of linguistically mediated communication and the role of translator in this process. The article focuses on the analysis of the complex functional system, which merges the translator and the machine translation software in the integrated unit aimed at the fulfillment of the communicative task. The transformation of the professional translator’s competence is discussed; the significance of the translator’s pragmatic competences is highlighted.

The article discusses the prospects for the development of digital translation, as well as its advantages and disadvantages. An attempt is made to predict the evolution of machine translation using an example of the interaction of artificial intelligence and a French translator’s practical activities. A comparative analysis of student translations from French into Russian with machine translation options is carried out.

An intentional inaccurate translation is understood as a translation in which part of the information is omitted or added based on the principle of equivalence. It is a commonly used strategy in literary translation. Analyzing examples of the use of deliberate inaccurate translation in the translation of Leo Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” by the translator Cao Ying into Chinese, this work summarizes the need to apply this strategy in literary translation, the forms of its manifestation and its influence, opening new ways to overcome the difficulties of literary translation. Reasons why translators choose this strategy — ease of perception by readers, increasing the artistic character of the translation and the influence of the social environment. Depending on the way the translator transforms the information contained in the source text, there are three main forms of transmission of intentional translation inaccuracies: uncertainty of information, explanation of information, and substitution of information. The benefits of deliberate inaccurate translation cannot be analyzed from just one point of view, and it cannot be categorized as “good” or “bad”. Instead, this method should be viewed in a holistic and comprehensive manner: its value must be recognized and at the same time the limitations of this technique cannot be denied. Translation itself is a very subjective process, and there are a great many ways to translate. Each translator adheres in his practice to certain translation methods and succeeds in them. It is the various translated texts, with their inherent uniqueness of the style of the translator who created them, that are the reason for the infinite variety of literary translations.

This article is devoted to the study of the psychological portrait of the main character Helen Keller in the play “The Miracle Worker” by William Gibson. One purpose of the article is to study figurative and expressive linguistic means: tropes and figures of speech expressing the category of psychologism in a literary text. Psychologism in a work of art makes it possible to understand the behavior, state, feelings and value orientations of a particular character. The other purpose is to analyze the characteristics of the image of the main character as a means of psychological analysis. The subject of research is the play “Who Worked a Miracle” by William Gibson, on the basis of which we identify the main means of the psychological characterization of a character; the object of research is the work of William Gibson with his understanding and application of the methods of psychologism as a realistic principle of depicting a character in fiction. The article examines the concept of “internal psychologism” of an individual who finds themselves in a very difficult life situation and manages to pull themselves together. Special attention is paid to figurative and expressive linguistic means that convey the inner world of the character. The author of the article points out the ability of the main character to accept all the hardships of life with a smile, as well as the desire for spiritual self-realization and personal growth.

The article considers the emergence and formation of the linguistic and cultural concept “Silk Road,” the most important one in Chinese culture. Based on the analysis of Chinese media texts, four stages of the concept’s development were identified: its emergence in the 1930–40s, its development in the 1950–70s, its symbolic reinterpretation in the era of the “policy of openness,” and its polyphonic sound in the late 20th century. Interestingly enough, this concept penetrated China from the West, but it was deeply rooted in and became a symbol of China, expressing a high appreciation of its civilizational contribution to the Treasury of humanity.

This article is devoted to the study of religious and cult-ritual concepts of the Gothic language. In the course of the research, the processing of historical and linguistic material is carried out, which allows us to analyze the GermanGothic mentality, taking into account, first of all, the specificity of the text of the Gothic Bible. In the study of Germanic and Gothic culture, in particular, a deepening into the lexical and semantic component of the biblical text is carried out. The relationship between the main ethnolinguistic features, the GermanGothic linguistic personality and the linguistic picture of the Gothic vocabulary allows us to look differently at the traditions, life and customs that existed in the Gothic culture. Thus, thanks to the classification and analysis of key religious concepts and value attractors that were part of the hierarchical model of the Gothic tribes’ representation of the essence of the world and the place of man in it, we find a reflection of spiritual and cultural life, recorded by Wulfila in the late 4th — early 5th centuries. In the given concepts, there are accompanying passages from the Holy Scriptures, as well as scenes of everyday life, captured in the form of the author’s comments and in translations of the Gospels of Matthew, John, Luke and Mark. Particular attention is paid to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, since it is in them that most of the author’s “additions” and comments are contained. Translations of the last Epistles of Paul supplement the information received about the life of the Gothic tribes, since they contain direct evidence of a semiotic space in which the cultural and religious concepts of the Germanic and German-Gothic mentality, intersecting in many sociolinguistic aspects, form a single idea of the Gothic linguo-mental complex.

Teaching translation implies taking the context of the original text into account. Only if they understand the deduction mechanism of the linguistic context, the restructuring mechanism of the situational context and the dialogue mechanism of the cultural context, can students develop, step by step, their basic, professional and general translation skills.

Ryurik Konstantinovich Minyar-Beloruchev (1922–2000) was one of the most famous Soviet and Russian scholars and of the founders of the general theory of translation. He laid the theoretical basis for interpretation and devised methods of teaching consecutive and simultaneous interpretation. His numerous works, based on his rich personal experience, research, teaching and experimental work, have become a model to follow in the field of interpretation studies and practical training of interpreters.

Due to the high demand for interpretation in the modern world, MinyarBeloruchev’s works deserve a close study not only by Russian interpretation researchers and educators, but also by experts from other countries. Currently, research into the interpretation theory in China is still at the initial stage of its development, and the need for highly qualified interpreters in China is constantly growing. Chinese researchers should study the theory developed by Ryurik K. Minyar-Beloruchev when setting up training programs for interpreters in China.

The article describes various aspects of military interpreters’ work during the Great Patriotic War. The author shows the specifics of speech in a military environment and the conditionality of speech behavior of a military personnel as determined by the nature of combat tasks that they perform.

The article reveals the types of activities of any military interpreter depending on the features of the military organization of units and formations, as well as the uniqueness of the conditions in which the military personnel operate.

The author emphasizes the need for special language training and stresses the role of the Military Institute of Foreign Languages (MIFL) in the training of military interpreters during the war. It would have been impossible to start fighting without translators who not only spoke the enemy’s language, but also knew its military machine, who were able to navigate freely in captured documents, gain information from radio traffic and influence the enemy’s troops and population. The successful preparation and conduct of operations ultimately depended on those officers’ language skills.

The paper deals with the study of the military-political discourse (MPD) as a state-institutional, hybrid-multivector communicative phenomenon of a functionally multi-purpose mission — military doctrinal, political-diplomatic, military-journalistic (informational and propaganda), military-commercial, military-educational, etc. It states an unprecedented use on the international arena by representatives of power structures of a number of NATO member countries in the media and oral rhetoric of discursive games of a substandard style with the goal of insulting, humiliating and ridiculing an opponent-recipient at the level of a deviant-profane usus using an invective, obscene vocabulary, offensive paralinguistic means, etc. The author analyzes the professional activities of the translator in the field of military-political communication as a civil servant in the Armed Forces sector on the scale of the pan-European standard for working languages with the index C₁ / C₂ using the example of inter-lingual mediation in the field of military journalism.

The article describes the uncompromising verbal struggle against Nazism that simultaneous interpreters waged at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial (1945–46) regardless of considerable emotional strain and the psychological pressure exerted on them by some defendants and the counsel every so often. The interpreters defied the odds and emerged victorious. Excerpts from the memoirs authored by some of the key participants in the Trial of Six Million Words are provided.

The 75th anniversary of the Soviet people’s victory in the Great Patriotic War once again brings us back to the events of that time and makes us think again about the impact of the war not only on various aspects of human society, the economy, politics and technology, but also on the human consciousness, man’s language and speech activity.

During any war, the cognitive and communicative system that provides communication in the military sphere is being refined and developed. Inter-language communication and translation take on peculiar forms in the context of a military confrontation between “us” and “them.”

The Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War expanded the range of social functions of the Russian language. It became the language of international cooperation, including that in the military sphere, which gave a major boost to translation activities, as well as the development of translation theory and methodology.

The article focuses on some aspects of conveying meanings of the category of number when translating legal English terms from various fields of the law into Russian. The examples given are illustrative of the variability in grammatical forms of the singular and the plural which denote similar or identical terminological meanings. Translation correspondences for English legal terms and terminological expressions cited from specialized bilingual dictionaries indicate the importance of taking into account the semantics of singularity and plurality in legal translation. The article accentuates the variability of grammatical forms used by legal English and legal Russian to convey the meanings of number and frequent discrepancies of those forms in translation.

The article describes the key cognitive mechanisms of conference interpreting: inferencing, probabilistic forecasting/anticipation and compression built up in the course of an efficiently organized training which focuses on the development of communicative, extra-linguistic and specialized competences. The article explores a complex interaction of the mechanisms in question and their dependence on the level of mastery of professional competences by a simultaneous interpreter, which enables him/her to infer sense. Sense inferring and implicatures depend on the context. For example, the language and referential implicatures can be inferred from the language structures of the interpreted source text and its discursive elements (a narrow context), while the cognitive thesaurus-based implicatures related to extra-linguistic information of the text are derived from the broad pragmatic context. Implicatures, in their turn, are contingent on presuppositions that are also characterized in the article. Theoretic premises and conclusions are illustrated by interesting examples from the practice of conference interpreting.

The article presents a comparative analysis of the lexical content of the Russian, English and German versions of the MacArthur questionnaire, one of the diagnostic tools of speech development of younger children. Bilingual children’s language picture of the world, as well as language reflection in such children, is researched based on a comparison of various questionnaires. As a result, it is concluded that the language picture of the world of bilingual children is formed on the basis of a “stronger” language at a given point in time, expanding due to the second language, and language reflection in bilingual children often occurs earlier than in monolingual children, first in their “stronger” language.

The article considers a philosophical concept of Wilhelm von Humboldt about the untranslatability of poetry. According to the thought of the outstanding thinker and philosopher, the birth of a poetical composition is a mysterious process which transforms the sensual into the rational, the unconscious into the conscious, ethics (external) into aesthetics (interior), and up to the top of aesthetics, viz. the poetry he called “the law of the highest sensuality.” Poetry is beauty. Any poetic composition is untranslatable because the reverse process from the rational to the sensual, the conscious to the unconscious, aesthetics to ethics is impossible, for the law of highest sensuality is primarily the ancient first-born beginning of the people, “the spirit of the nation,” which can only be expressed by a poet belonging to the nation.

This article is devoted to the study of cognitive semantics and semantic features of the missing structure. In the course of the study, a definition of the basic mechanism of the appearance, functioning and disappearance of the missing structure in the superconscious field is given. The significance of the transfer of metacodes and lexicodes through short-term self-destruction of a structure can be traced in the analysis of both literary text and various styles of speech. This significance is not represented by individual elements of the system (in a word, phrase, sentence, etc.), but by a constantly varying unit, however, different from an idiolect, where only numerous deviations do not allow an individual language to arise. This confirms the practical significance of the study: by revealing the most significant concepts that have a value aspect and releasing its conceptual content at the time of the formation of the missing structure, we can determine: the nature of compliance or non-compliance with linguistic norms (clarity, logic, accuracy, correctness of speech), the direction of argumentation, the specifics of thesauri of subjects of communicative interaction, as well as the presence or absence of lexical and semantic barriers to communication. It is also possible to trace the stylistic separation of the language vocabulary into the book and colloquial, as well as distinguish the categories of each, namely: for book vocabulary—terminological, poetic and category of historicisms, and for colloquial—colloquial, dialectic and phraseological. Having examined the tokens of the concept in this way, its entire value with respect to the historical period is revealed. Given the methodology of Umberto Eco, we combine the diachronic approach with the theory of local civilizations of Arnold J. Toynbee and the unconscious theory of Sigmund Freud, which allows us to connect the specifics of the appearance of the missing structure with the category of frames in cognitive linguistics.

The article deals with four Russian translations of Emily Dickinson’s poem “Tell All the Truth but Tell it Slant” in line with the cognitive translation practice. It aims at similarities and differences in deictic, referential, conceptual, perceptual and gradation-evaluation areas of the source text and its translation variants. It has been shown that differences in the source and target texts, as well as the need to use transformations, are invoked by poetic syntactic license in the source text (double syntactic constructions and referential conflict), by key concepts “pravda — istina — truth” development, by the cognitive metaphor of light and novel dominating signs of cognition in the perception-gradation rows in the texts.

The article analyzes translations of Alexander S. Puschkin’s works into the German language made and published in Germany and Austria between 1930 and 19450. The author’s attention is focused on the translator, his motivation, approaches and cultural self-identification. New translations and new discoveries of non-German authors for the recipient are analyzed. In terms of theory, objective and subjective factors that lead to new translations of texts that have already been translated are taken into consideration. The cultural and historical сontext is analyzed along with translators’ personal and virtual motives.

The spread of Western medicine in China occurs in different ways: it is carried out through the setting up of Western hospitals, the creation of Western medical schools and the translation of Western medical literature into Chinese. The spread of Western medicine is inseparable from the medical activities of missionaries in China. As an American missionary doctor, Jia Yuehan worked for 40 years at the Canton Hospital in Guangzhou Province, and spent most of his time working in Western medical education, as well as translating Western medical literature. He played an extremely important role in the spread of Western medicine in China.

The purpose of this article is to examine poetic translation as re-creation. Proceeding from the key tenets of philosophical hermeneutics and the ludenic (from Lat. ludus — game) theory of literary translation the research focuses on the following binary opposition: translator’s game vs. author’s play. The case study provided is an analysis of a poem by Vera Polozkova, a contemporary Russian poet, and its English translation.

This paper expounds the concept of variability in Chinese through discussing the classical translation theories put forward by Yanfu, trans­variation theories introduced by Huangzhonglian and the application of variational translation in literary translation as cross­cultural mediation. It concludes that since variational translation only transmits certain information selected by the translator from the original text for certain purposes, such translation may best satisfy certain readers’ needs.

The article analyzes the features of the technical text “tender” and provides a comparative analysis of the lexical and syntactic features of such texts. The main problems that translators encounter when translating terms from Chinese to Russian are considered. The author demonstrates the need for an accurate understanding of the lexical and syntactic features of the text “tender” and THE influence of the degree of competence on the result of the translation process.

At the moment, Russia and China witness the best period of their relations, and more and more directions to cooperate emerge in the field of humanitiеs. The linguistic landscape of the Chinese and Russian languages is one of the most important aspects of such cooperation. The present article examines the trends in the development of the linguistic landscape research in the Chinese language from 1987 to 2019. Recently, in China research into the linguistic landscape has been carried out through the use of sociolinguistics and translation techniques. The theoretical basis of the research is rather poor since it lacks innovation and creativity. The issue becomes especially acute when it comes to the linguistic landscape in a two­way Chinese­Russian translation. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the results of the linguistic landscape research in China in order to present a new perspective on the linguistic landscape to Russian students, thereby increasing the number of works on this issue for the Russian and Chinese languages.

The paper is focused on finding ways to exploit enhanced capabilities of corpus­managers, particularly the Regex function, utilizing wildcards in queries. The basis for this study derives from the experience, by all means successful, of utilizing this resource coupled with ad­hoc corpora by inexperienced translators to overcome translation difficulties. Since not entire potential was taken advantage of, the authors suggested that more complex functions could be useful for weathered translators, who would use them not to look for linguistic data but rather check their assumptions. To test the hypothesis the researchers carried out an experiment involving two groups of translators, experienced and beginners, who were asked to provide TAP (think­aloud protocol) [Someren, Barnard, Sandberg, 1994: 1] based translations of a passage. The analysis not only covering actual solutions and operations of the informants but also extrapolating their actions to potential outcomes is backed by examples. The authors came to the conclusion that Regex is a worthy thing given good language proficiency and subject savvy of the translator. Besides, the accuracy of queries, which comes inevitably as the specialist’s language proficiency improves and has an advert effect on the efficiency of linguistic data retrieving from a corpus, will be offset by wildcards. If used expertly, regular expressions provide flexibility making up for the lack of fuzzy string search [Bast, Celikik, 2013: 2] in corpus­managers.

This article considers the features of the development of the theory of interpretation in China as well as the status of the study of the Soviet school of interpretation in China. In order to find an answer to the question “Why the Soviet school of interpretation was not widely recognized in China?” the author not only considers the similarities and differences between the first works of the French and Soviet schools of interpretation which studied important mechanisms of the interpretation process, but also pays attention to such factors capable of influencing the vector of development of a theoretical school as politics and a social environment.

This paper coins the term “The Soviet Model of Russian Translation Teaching in China.” The formation process of this model is analyzed, and the content of this concept is specified. The analysis of the historical meaning of this model, which had a profound influence on Russian translation teaching in China, is based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. A review of historical sources of teaching Russian translation in China, their current situation and prospects is carried out.

The history of translation and interpreting activities in China goes back centuries. In spite of the well­known periods of China’s isolation from the outside world, translation and interpreting training has been carried out for centuries, as different dialects have existed in China from time immemorial. Therefore, for the purpose of ensuring communication between representatives of neighboring regions of the Empire language mediators were frequently needed. This article provides a historical overview of foreign language teaching as well as the translation profession in China from the earliest times to the present day, describing activities in translation and interpreting centers and schools.

The article studies the history of Bible translations into Russian, various styles and principles of translation as well as personality traits of translators who participated in the undertaking viewed as a milestone in the Golden Age of Russian language and literature.

This article attempts to analyze the psychological activity in the translation process from the perspective of Gestalt psychology and to identify psychological factors that affect the translator’s thoughts and word choosing. In addition, the analysis of the poetic translation from Chinese into Russian reveals the advantages of image thinking for translators as well as some features of the Chinese language and translatibg Chinese poetry.

Translation is an art based on science that makes technology develop. The modern age is marked by the transition of mankind to a new stage of development and new challenges that make us reflect on the future of a whole range of different professional activities. Translation is no exception. Translation activity in the digital age is a complex system of heterogeneous interactions within the “man — smart machine (AI)” tandem. This work system can be defined as digital translation. The digital translation that uses digital technology as part of the creative process aims to improve the efficiency of translation art and the quality of translation products. On the one hand, it links up the translator’s art with AI performances and creates a win­win situation; on the other hand, it provokes wariness and suspicion. The emergence of digital translation affects three main areas: 1) cognitive and technological, i.e. all the issues related to possible correlations between translation technologies and digital information and communication technologies in the modern world; 2) social and economic, i.e. all the issues of potential social transformations that may have an impact on translation as a profession in the subsequent 20 years; 3) pedagogical, i.e. all the issues concerning translators’ training for an efficient and smooth operation of today’s digital society.

2019 is a special year: for now on there are 100 years on conference interpreting.

From June, 29 to July, 4 of 2019 VII International Scientific Educational Forum took place.

The articles provides important insights into one the main reasons for the deep penetration of anglicisms into the French language, namely the popularization of the hip-hop subculture. The last quarter of the twentieth century saw a particularly strong influence of the American culture which left a mark on the French vocabulary. The analysis is focused on the particularities of the English loanwords found in the lyrics of some well-known French rap performers. These loanwords are classified on the motivation basis. An attempt is made to determine whether they have any influence upon the linguistic worldview of the French. In conclusion, the studies show that it would be unreasonable to presume that the borrowings have a considerable impact on the French linguistic worldview.

This article is about semantically introductory words expressing confidence and degrees of confidence found in the works by English classical realists of the 19th and 20th centuries. The purpose of the article is to study the British linguistic culture, lexical-semantic, sociocultural and ethnic characteristics reflected in literary texts, as well as to make a list of introductory words with conceptual meanings for further semantic analysis. The subject of the study is the English linguistic culture and polysemantic field; the object of the study is the semantics of introductory words in novels authored by English realist classics. The work is based on the diachronic approach of N. Enquist and the global synchronization method developed by J. Firbas. From this combination of synchrony and diachrony, a logical and comparative perception of the signifier and the signified is formed, that is, a theory (assumption) arises. From this contrast, the conclusion is drawn that even the figurativeness of speech itself conveys an inseparable perception of the concept, introductory words and the thesauri of the two sides in a dialogue. Polylogue has a similar significance, but its perception is much more difficult due to the presence of a large number of participants in the conversation. According to Zipf ’s law, the author cannot overload the text with a multitude of personal and demonstrative pronouns, and he must refrain from using the same words and concepts for at least three paragraphs. In addition, it is necessary to adhere to the alternation of various types of communication, viz. coordination, management and adjoining equally. All this allows not only to reveal the style of the author, but also to learn to perceive the literary text as a value-conceptual aspect of a linguistic culture.

The concept of virtual widely used today is polysemantic, but the reasons for this are not quite clear. The article is devoted to the study of some linguistic (semantic) and philosophical reasons for the existence of “Platonic” (real, imaginary) and “Aristotelian” (possible, effective) meanings in which the sense of the word virtual is expressed in Russian. The word virtual is derived from the Latin word virtus. The semantics of the word virtus happens to be interconnected with the meanings of the words ἀρετή, δύναμις and potentia, since the Latin word virtus, which has two semantic “dominants” — virtue is the “Platonic” dominant and power is the “Aristotelian” one, — was used to translate two Greek words: ἀρετή (virtue) and δύναμις (strength, power, might), and the Greek word δύναμις was translated by two Latin words: virtus (righteous divine power) and potentia / potentialitas (ability, power). Through Plato’s doctrine of arete-eidos, the concept of virtus is also connected with the concept of εἶδος. Thus, the “Platonic” line of meanings expressing the sense of the word virtual is connected with the concepts of ἀρετή and εἶδος, and the “Aristotelian” line — with the concepts of δύναμις and potentia.

All meanings of the words virtus, ἀρετή, δύναμις and potentia can be divided into three groups: “Platonic,” “Aristotelian,” and “Platonic-Aristotelian”. The sense of the English word virtual is expressed when translated into Russian by the following four meanings: a) factual, real; being something in essence, really (and not formally); b) imaginary; c) possible; d) effective. The meanings a and b can be attributed to the “Platonic” line, and the meanings c and d — to the “Aristotelian” one. It is considered how the mutual influence of the meanings of the words virtus, ἀρετή, δύναμις and potentia in the three specified groups could lead to the formation of the four above-mentioned meanings, in which the sense of the word virtual is expressed in Russian.

In this article, the author provides a brief overview and analysis of translations of Leo N. Tolstoy’s works in China, and also tries to show what influence such famous translators of his writings as Mao Dun (1896–1981) and Ai Wu (1904–1992) have had on Chinese literature and intelligentsia.

Anna Karenina is one of Leo Tolstoy’s most famous novels and is very popular among Chinese readers. The article shows two translation versions of the novel into Chinese: one by Zhou Yang and Xie Sutai, published in 1989, and the other by Cao Ying, published in 1982). In addition, the author presents studies of this novel by Chinese specialists.

Romanticism became a reflection of a new consciousness of peoples, a search for new literary forms, a return to national traditional literary forms and an appreciation of personality. It posed many questions that are still vital for the development of the Western civilization. These are: an individual versus society, an individual’s emotional experiences, duties, life and death, reason to live. The reconsideration of the ancient literature allowed poets to understand that literary works from a certain historical period reflect its way of life, therefore, any new era requires special expressive means that will suit it perfectly. Because of that, romanticism was regarded as the time of re-invention of old literary forms and that of renovation of some medieval genres providing writers with specific tools that made it possible to create new literary plots, genres, means of expression. That was the time when poets reconsidered the traditional French sonnet form “chant royal” and created their own fixed forms on its basis. Such cross-culture interaction is of great importance in terms of the pragmatic effect of the work both in its original form and translation alike. Any profound research into cross-culture interaction helps translators better understand the means used by the author, to interpret his or her idea in the most precise way possible and to show all the particularities of the author’s style, the period, the language and the poem itself.

This article deals with different approaches to translation of archaic and historical words found in texts of ballads. When a translator works with texts of that kind, he faces a dilemma: either to use the old lexis of the target language or to modernize the translated text. The article attempts to analyze both approaches as exemplified in ballads translated into Russian.

The article deals with the linguistic, cultural, sociolinguistic, functional and stylistic characteristics of the translation of gluttonic discourse text structures within the framework of the Arabic-Russian combination, as well as with the difficulties encountered in interpretation and translation and related to different conditions under which speech is generated in Arabic and Russian-speaking areas.

In the present article, the issue of translating phraseological units from English into Azerbaijani is analyzed. Excerpts from classic poetry are considered. The relevance of this article is justified by the fact that samples of poems by English poets are studied directly in Azerbaijani poetic translations. Special attention is paid to the correctness of poetic translation, artistic expression and illustration, as well as the preservation of phraseological units. Possible synonyms at the initial stages are presented.

ThearticleisaboutFrenchpoemsbyA.S.PushkinandhisuncleV.L.Pushkin translated into Russian by Natalya Muromskaya. The review of the book is of great interest to researchers due to the fact that the poets’ works written in French have been little studied so far. However, thanks to Natalaya Muromskaya, Russian speakers now have the opportunity to read such poems authored by the Sun of Russian poetry as “My Portrait” which was one of the first attempts to describe his appearance and his character. A number of poems by V.L. Pushkin are brought into focus. His French-language legacy is richer than his nephew’s. Special attention is paid to the French verses dedicated to the entry of the Russian military into Paris. The author hopes that this miscellany of poems will entail more scientific research into French poetry by Russian poets.

From April 10 to April 14, 2020 IX International scientific conference "Russian language and culture in terms of interpreting" took place.

In this article, the formation of railroad terms in the Chinese language are analyzed. A lot of research has been conducted to analyze the logic of constructing this railway terminology, to reveal the essential links and relations among Chinese railway terms. The conclusions drawn in this article serve as a basis for further research not only in the field of railway transport, but in other terminological fields as well.

Frequency dictionaries are published in China to popularize “civic education.” At the end of the 20th century, computers reduced the time needed to collect and organize various types of language material. At the same time, a machine-readable corpus of Chinese came into being. Today, there are three large corpora in China, each containing more than 100 million real materials. The ability to use the corpus is considered one of the most important skills to research the language.

Due to the gradual improvement of friendly relations between Russia and China, the linguistic landscape is becoming increasingly important for those who travel, study or invest in terms of creating a first impression of visiting Russia. However, the quality of translation is different. There are still a relatively large number of errors; mostly these are mixed errors and incorrect spelling. The aim of the article is to analyze and correct some of the errors, as well as to find an optimal method of translation in accordance with the linguistic landscape.

The present paper deals with changing priorities in the 21st century Russian literary translation in terms of translation strategy. Prerequisites and results of such an axiological transformation are considered. The Russian translation of Goethe’s Faust by V.E. Prieb serves as the main illustrative material.

The article presents the essentials of the author’s conception of Business English which is further elaborated to introduce and account for the author’s approach to translation for business purposes as based on the key concepts, methodological principles and translation techniques that are at the core of spoken and written business communication across cultures.

The article deals with five Russian translation poetic variants of Emily Dickinson’s poem We never know how high we are within the framework of cognitive translation practice. It sheds light on similarities and differences in textual subjectification and subjective modality means in the source and target poetic texts alike. It has been shown that the perception and conceptual planes from the cognitive metaphor in the adjective high высокий are preserved in translation. The Speaker’s viewpoint might shift entailing changes in the means of subjective modality, such as personal deictic forms, verbal deictic changes in voice and grammatical modality as well. Russian variants of translation containing syntactic forced restructuring under meaning contraction are considered as a style modifying device.

The article deals with five Russian translation poetic variants of Emily Dickinson’s poem We never know how high we are within the framework of cognitive translation practice. It sheds light on similarities and differences in textual subjectification and subjective modality means in the source and target poetic texts alike. It has been shown that the perception and conceptual planes from the cognitive metaphor in the adjective high высокий are preserved in translation. The Speaker’s viewpoint might shift entailing changes in the means of subjective modality, such as personal deictic forms, verbal deictic changes in voice and grammatical modality as well. Russian variants of translation containing syntactic forced restructuring under meaning contraction are considered as a style modifying device.

The article focuses on some distinctive features of public speeches in Chinese in their close connection with and influence on the very process of simultaneous interpretation from Chinese into Russian. Due to the syllabic word structure, unique rhythm, speed and other factors the Chinese language has unprecedented information density and lack of language redundancy, both negatively affecting simultaneous interpretation. The article also gives some practical recommendations on how to make better listening, understanding and interpreting in Chinese and get the old and new information in oral Chinese text.

One hundred years ago, the publishing house World Literature published a concise study guide for beginning literary translators featuring two articles authored by two Russian masters of literary translation — Korney I. Chukovsky and Nikolay S. Gumilyov — The Principles of Literary Translation which laid the foundations for a comprehensive literary translation theory.

The study guide can be regarded as the first theoretical work of its kind in the history of Russia’s translation studies. It absorbed many years of translation practice of the aforementioned masters’ predecessors. Chukovsky and Gumilyov put forward a number of ideas and guidelines that still hold and can be used to develop a modern educational system of training literary translators. In their articles, both authors put emphasis on the linguistic aspect of works of fiction and, consequently, that of translation praxis in the field of literary endeavor.

This article completes the thematic cycle “On the ‘hermeneutic turn’ in the modern theory and methodology of translation” and “Hermeneutic-translational methodological standard in the mirror of transdisciplinarity,” performed within the framework of the new research field at the Higher School of Translation aimed at theoretical understanding and practical introduction of hermeneutic strategies and tactics in the modern translation process. It was found that translational reflection reduces the assimilation of a translate to the original by successively explicit or implicit implementation of four basic cognitive constants: pre-understanding, understanding, interpretation and translation decision. The last one is the essence of the conceptually optimal variant of the method and form of a discursively equivalent / adequate assimilation of the translate to the original, rationally acceptable for a given text type and its functional and stylistic genre. The plurality of translation decisions concerning the same source text objectively depends on the given interlingual situation of goal-setting and the way the translation text is linked to a certain category of recipients or the translator’s subjective intentions.

This article is about decision-making in translation. The author makes an attempt to apply the dual processes theory, developed by D. Kahneman, to describing decision-making in translation. The experiment conducted within the framework of our research made it possible to draw conclusions about different types of thinking peculiar to different types of translation decisions, as well as about the levels at which these decisions are made.

The article studies the diachronic aspect of French equestrian terminology, which is characterized by the historical side of the emergence of terms related to the sport.  e author explains the concept of terminology (equestrian in particular) while focusing on the chronology of equestrian terms in French.

A prose poem in the literary form combines the characteristics of both poem and prose. However, it is still different from either of these. Therefore, compared to translation of poem and prose, the method of translation from Russian into Chinese is special. This article discusses the literariness of translation of prose poems from Russian into Chinese, including the strategy of combining the replacement of the foot with the dou with the replacement of the foot with a logical pause in the line, as well as the method of working with the syntax structure to preserve the original literariness. The article is based on a comparative analysis of three translation versions of “Song of The Stormy Petrel” by Maxim Gorky.

The article is a comparison of three Russian translations of the Chinese book “San Zi Jing.” These are different translations of the same text made in different periods of the 18^th century: the reign of Peter the Great, the 1740’s and the late 1770’s. There are many differences among them, and these differences reflect the evolution of translation practice in Russia in the 18^th century.

A fundamentally new type of person living in the 1860s, society’s disillusions and social transformations were described psychologically truly and in detail by a great Russian writer Ivan S. Turgenev. Vivid and rich in detail, character descriptions in the novels reflected the features and depth of the Russian literary language, becoming for many subsequent years a model for writing texts of this format not only in Russian literature, but also abroad, including China. A large number of translations of texts by Ivan S. Turgenev into Chinese abound in linguistic material, revealing the peculiarities of translators’ work. At the same time, the complexity and a certain number of different kinds of transformations used by the translators of Turgenev’s texts from Russian into Chinese are due to the lexical and grammatical features of these two languages, as well as the personal position of the translator and pragmatic aspects. Thus, translation transformations are to a certain extent present in almost all translations. The study of examples of transformations in translations of Ivan S. Turgenev’s works is of interest not only to linguists and translators, but also to scholars involved in cultural studies. The present article discusses some translation transformations used in Chinese translations of Ivan S. Turgenev’s novels “Rudin” and “Fathers and Children”, taking into account various peculiarities of the Chinese language.

The 47-year activities of the American missionary of the liberal party, Lin Lezhi, is associated with the period of changesin the era of the Qing dynasty. He took an active part in those changes whileplaying an important role in translating Western scientific works. With a clear goal and special strategies, he spread the advanced cultures and thoughts ofthe West and thus affectedChina in many ways. Many translated works still have an indelible significance. Lin Lezhi is a distinguished American missionary translator who preached in China. Any studies of the history of translation in the era of the Qing Dynasty would be incomplete without mentioning Lin Lezhi.

The realities of the translation process as components of the systemic relations include the situation of communication within which the translator mediates the author’s communication with a foreign reader, the original text as an object of transformation into the translated text and interaction of the translated text with the actual reality which is described in the original text and is reproduced in the translated one. The realities of the translation process manifest their qualities most visibly by bearing the peculiarity of the mediated communication, i.e. communication with the translator’s participation. The peculiarity of the communication situation for the translator is that he must find ways of expressing what does not have analogues in the target language. The most vivid elements of the surrounding reality, characteristic of the original text, manifest themselves in foreign-language realities which may not have equivalents in the target language. By achieving the accuracy of the translation, the translator focusses his efforts on making the foreign-language realities understandable to the translation recipient.

This article pays attention to the use of the Internet in the process of translation, viz. the use of different online sources: search engines, machine translations, Wikipedia, reference sites, online correсtion, etc. The Internet is a great supporting tool that can help translators in their work. The ability to use the Internet can be considered as any translator’s key skill.

The article studies the influence of target language literature on translation (a case study of “Paradise lost” translation by archbishop Amvrosy (Serebrennikov) made in the late 18th century via the French translation by Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur that transformed the original in the spirit of belles infidèles). Amvrosy praised the beauty of the poem, transforming the translation in accordance with the French text, and altering the heterodox passages of the poem. The translation, approved by the clergy and being one of the most poetic prose translations, paved the way for further translations based on the original text.

The article develops the idea that How do different countries develop their own corpus and the development of interlingua big data. Nowadays computer technology leads the development of big data and in this process various problems that may exist in creating a big data corpus, For example, the phenomenon of non-correspondence between different languages due to cultural differences. This article focuses on the relationship between translation theory and big data corpus, and the possible impact of the development of big data corpus on translation theory.

The article develops the idea that How do different countries develop their own corpus and the development of interlingua big data. Nowadays computer technology leads the development of big data and in this process various problems that may exist in creating a big data corpus, For example, the phenomenon of non-correspondence between different languages due to cultural differences. This article focuses on the relationship between translation theory and big data corpus, and the possible impact of the development of big data corpus on translation theory.

The article develops the idea that How do different countries develop their own corpus and the development of interlingua big data. Nowadays computer technology leads the development of big data and in this process various problems that may exist in creating a big data corpus, For example, the phenomenon of non-correspondence between different languages due to cultural differences. This article focuses on the relationship between translation theory and big data corpus, and the possible impact of the development of big data corpus on translation theory.

The abstracts of the all papers published in Vestnik of Moscow State University. Series 22. Translation Theory in 2013–2017 are presented.

The paper deals with the problem of the so-called undefined realia in ancient texts, i.e. cultural words, the precise meaning of which cannot be exactly established today. The monetary unit kesita mentioned in the Old Testament is chosen as an example, and its representations in different Bible translations are analyzed. Although the raised question may seem too narrow an issue, it may, nevertheless, relate to important historic and cultural features of the world described in the original text.

The article deals with a study of the philosophical notion of antinomy applied to the theory of translation. A retrospective journey into the history of the issue is accompanied by an analysis of a number of antinomies most relevant to translation of proper names such as antinomy of identity and variation, antinomy of fixedness and arbitrariness, antinomy of the source and target language phonetic systems and that of outer form and inner meaning. In the analysis of antinomies of outer form and inner meaning, charactonyms and common names are differentiated. The study is based on four translations of J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone from English into Russian.

In this article, the hermeneutic-phenomenological aspects of translatological interpretation are examined in the light of the transdisciplinary approach within the framework of the four-step Hermeneutic-translation methodological standard that includes the stages of pre-understanding, understanding, interpretation and translation decision in contrast to the philosophico-hermeneutical practice of interpreting monolingual texts in mutually intersecting and interchangeable types of reflection, namely, understanding and interpretation. It is postulated that a translator is always an interpreter, but interpretation is not yet translation. It is verified as the penultimate stage of the translator’s overcoming of the original cognitive-cultural, ethnopsycholinguistic and system-structural originality of the text and the choice of the strategy of forenization/domestication of the re-expression of the author’s text, search of variants of functionally relevant translation correspondences and ways of overcoming untranslatability. Attention is focused on the postulate of mandatory boundaries and the limits of translation interpretation and the translator’s careful attitude to the source. A translator is not a co-author, but only an interpreter of the author’s work.

Any translation, regardless of its form, the circumstances under which it is carried out or the information contained in original texts, is a cognitive activity of an individual that has relevant competencies. A translator generates information and introduces it into a new communicative space. S/he is a communicative mediator able to settle conflicts of mutual misunderstanding arising in the course of interlingual communication.

Throughout centuries, society has used the results of translators’ work for many various purposes. It evaluates translators’ successes and failures, praises them for what it is inclined to see as fine achievements and executes them for what it finds to be unacceptable.

To what extent does modern science take into account the threefold essence of translation? What models are acceptable in a scientific description of translation activities? How do translatology methods correlate with those of other scientific disciplines in today’s transdisciplinary knowledge about translation?

In the present article, the authors provide answers to these and some other questions posed in modern translatology.

Celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the Journal Congratulatory Messages

The teaching and educating of students are founded on the achievements of pedagogical sciences and new information technologies. The main goal of the educational process is to use the advanced methods of teaching generated by Russian and foreign philological and linguistic schools to provide students with the maximum level of knowledge of various translation theories so that they can develop sustainable abilities and obtain necessary professional skills in the field of translation and interpretation.

The main direction of such education is the use of psycholinguistic abilities of all students who must act in language situations that are close to objective reality; therefore, the latest didactic materials and media training facilities are utilized. Situational classrooms are used as media training facilities in which the equipment makes it possible to create various language situations where the students could use the accumulated knowledge and skills to achieve the goal set by their teacher.

The article focuses on the system-situational teaching with the use of suggestion as one of the methods aimed at increasing teaching efficiency.

In the article, we analyze how particular characteristics of the abstract vocabulary help to reveal distinguishing features of the French and Russian mentalities. It is a matter of weak and strong denotation, the metaphorization of meaning and the material connotation (the term was coined by Vladimir A. Uspensky, a professor of mathematics at Lomonosov Moscow State University), which makes it possible for an abstract noun to make up for the weakness of the denoter. The difference in material connotations in various languages adds a resource for a contrastive analysis. The research allows us to make the following conclusions: a real connotation accompanies an abstract concept, helps to comprehend it better while actualizing it in a specific image. It represents the mythologization of modern consciousness and manifests itself in general linguistic metaphors (in individual metaphors, only the development of the image given by the general linguistic consciousness can occur) and, consequently, has an objective (nonindividual) character. This connotation is objectively motivated and sets imperative laws of associating concepts for every native speaker. It is also important to note that the real connotation is not realized by native speakers, forming a kind of metaphorical concept of a specific idea that can only be revealed through reconstruction and exists not in the individual but in the collective unconsciousness, reflecting the peculiarities of an ethnic group’s mentality.

The article studies the influence of the literary circles phenomena on translation (a case study of Yelizaveta Zhadovskaya’s translation of Paradise Lost by John Milton). The first translation of the poem by Yelizaveta Zhadovskaya was made from Fyodor Zagorsky’s translation in prose which is considered as a great specimen of pragmatic translation: the translator, consciously changing the communicative effect of the original, sacrified the form for the meaning. Yelizaveta Zhadovskaya omitted significant parts of the poem that contained intertextual links, allusions to the works of Antiquity, mythology and sacred texts that formed the literal originality of the poem and added new fragments, thus acting as an author and paving the way for further poetic translations of John Milton’s Paradise Lost.

This article is devoted to the semantic comparison of concession expressed in the original version and the translation of the novel Fortress Besieged. As a result, it is confirmed that the vast majority of the translated texts is found equivalent to the original; with the help of aspects of cognitive perception, the reasons for the semantic assimilation are clarified, and the subjectivity of the translator’s personality in translation is emphasized.

The article deals with the Russian nomina, i.e. language identification units, created in the era of the 1917 Revolutions in Russia and ways of their translation into English. The article draws a line between language identification units and linguistic realia, i.e. national-cultural units. Both of them contain information specific to the country in a particular period of its development that causes difficulties in their translation. Special attention is paid to the methods of transferring language identification units from the original language into the language of translation by English writers who tried to create the atmosphere of the revolutionary era associated with numerous changes in the political and cultural fields. Language identification units transfer the changes that occurred in the political life of a particular country. However, precise equivalents are not always possible to find in the target language. Both writers and translators need to use transliteration, transcription, calquing and interpretation to render language identification units into a foreign language.

The article deals with the history of the Russian word “normalny” (normal, regular, sane) and its use in Russian for the last two centuries. The authors draw the attention of translators and foreign students of Russian to the necessity of being very careful when using this lexical unit, which sounds very much like its English analogue. Basing their findings on the National Corps of Russian, the authors trace the historical meaning of the word, periods of its active usage, usage peculiarities and its correlation with the lexical unit “obychny” (usual, normal, ordinary, regular).

The paper is a case study analysis of a translation of the mystery novel Gentlemen and Players by Joanne Harris into Russian. Due to the unconventional nature of the plot, the translator had to avoid specifying the narrator’s gender, which was a non-trivial job given that the Russian verbs in the past tense obligatorily mark the gender of their subject. To prevent the information disclosure, the translator had to avoid using the past-tense verb forms wherever they combined with the narrator’s first-person pronoun. The paper attempts to reveal and classify the techniques employed to cope with the task. Most cases involve the use of various grammatical and semantic transformations.

The need for interpreters working with the Russian language in China is constantly growing, so more and more universities launch the course “Interpretation” for senior bachelor and master students. However, if the theory of translation in China is developed well enough, the theory of interpretation, and especially interpretation to/from Russian, is almost undeveloped. 

This article describes one of the main issues in the theory of interpretation, namely the using of specific strategies by professional and non-professional interpreters in consecutive interpretation from Chinese into Russian, as well as provides the reader with some methodological recommendations.

In the semiotico-ludical approach, translation of puns can be considered as a hybrid game in which a translator does not only conduct mediation between languages, but also does a linguocreative activity in the target language. The strategies, tactics and transformations, applied to pun translation, are identified here through the use of a translation experiment and a comparative analysis of original puns used in jokes and found in audiovisual products and their translations. The author of the article concludes that quasitranslation becomes the most relevant strategy for translating puns and identifies punning as a specific type of translation deformation which involves such operations as interlingual paronymization, idiomatization and deoccasionalization.

Book review:

Translation and translations: the past and the present (in Russian)

With the development of interpretation teaching activities in China, Chinese scholars have begun to actively study the specialization of interpretation training methods as well as the scientific pedagogical design of interpretation disciplines to train professional interpreters in China. The article deals with a number of didactic concepts, principles and models of interpretation training programs suggested by Chinese researchers.

The article develops the idea that theoretical research work on interpretation in China began relatively late compared to the West. The Chinese theory of interpretation has been influenced by Western interpretation theories, among which the French translation school has had a particularly great influence on the Chinese theoretical foundations for interpretation didactics. The Chinese interpretation didactics has incorporated the most advanced Western theories of interpretation and is now moving toward scientification, systematization and professionalism, which has laid a solid foundation for professional training in the field of interpretation.

The article describes different ways of translation used in the process of teaching foreign languages in the 19th century. Some ways of translation offered by English scholars (e.g. Gamilton and Robertson) and the French scientist Jacotot are analyzed. Assessments of their works made by Russian scientists and linguists are presented.

The article studies various English and French realia found in Eliduc by John Fowles, the ways of their translation into Russian, their use for a better understanding of the plot and the poetics of the story. The main difficulty any translator faces when dealing with realia is the absence of equivalents in the target language, therefore it is necessary to choose relevant translation methods.

Linguocolorisms as part of the artistic aura in a poetic text are reviewed in the present article from the standpoint of the translator’s strategy, which is exemplified by Emily Elizabeth Dickinson’s poems and their Russian translations by A. Gavrilov, E. Valgurina and V. Avsiyan. The translator’s operations and transformations, such as invariant correspondences, borrowings, replacement, omittance, addition, dislocation or rearrangement, may cause local and global changes at the level of words, phrases, sentences as well as at the level of the whole text. The inevitable changes and radical transformation of the original poem can be motivated by the omitted linguocolorism, which has been demonstrated through the use of the conceptual models and mental patterns in the translated text; textual strategies of the poem are described from the perspective of the cognitive frame method.

The article offers a comparative semantic analysis of the cluster “Cultivated Plants” in the Russian and Chuvash linguistic world images. The authors analyze both direct and figurative meanings of the Russian and Chuvash words and set expression, as well as free combinations of words from a given thematic group. Also analyzed are polysemy, metaphors, symbols, connotations of various Russian and Chuvash words, phraseology and set similes in the Russian and Chuvash languages. Special attention is paid to the Russian and Chuvash folklore. The Russian and Chuvash words from any given thematic group are part of the linguistic world images of the Russian and Chuvash ethnic groups alike. The analysis contributes to the reconstruction of the integrated linguistic world image and helps to reveal some peculiarities of the national world perception.

The article deals with various translation problems. The author’s focus is on the linguistic bases for the translation process. According to language theories, several levels are distinguished in a literary text. In the process of translation each of those can be either activated or neutralized. The adequacy of substitution depends on these factors.

The article develops the idea that theoretical research work on interpretation in China began relatively late compared to the West. The Chinese theory of interpretation has been influenced by Western interpretation theories, among which the French translation school has had a particularly great influence on the Chinese theoretical foundations for interpretation didactics. The Chinese interpretation didactics has incorporated the most advanced Western theories of interpretation and is now moving toward scientification, systematization and professionalism, which has laid a solid foundation for professional training in the field of interpretation.

The article deals with the phraseological and non­phraseological methods of translation of phraseological units found in the German press from the point of view of equivalence and adequacy. An analysis of specific translation solutions is conducted. The correlation between equivalence and adequacy is established by using different translation correspondences.

The article deals with a complex interrelation of competence and interpretation factors in translation. In translation, interpretation implies both the understanding of the sense presented in the Source Language/Source Text (SL/ST) and its expression in the Target Language/Target Text (TL/TT) through the use of language­specific means. The limits or boundaries of interpretation are established by the invariant sense, and its adequate rendering requires a high level of professionalism. The competence factor in translation is intrinsically tied to the translator’s personality. If the translator’s language and conceptual thesaurus are poorly developed, this factor can produce a negative effect, as it limits the interpretation factor. Well­developed translator’s competences facilitate an in­depth understanding of presuppositions and implications in the SL, which serve as the basis for interpretation in translation and the criterion for the choice of transformations (shifts) used to cope with interlingual asymmetries and prevent interlingual interference. Interlingual asymmetries are present at all language levels and can cause interlingual interference that, in its turn, leads to language and translation errors. The competence factor produces impacts depending on the direction of translation: in the course of translation from a foreign language into the mother tongue the challenge is presented by the first phase of interpretation, viz. understanding, while in the course of translation from the mother tongue into a foreign language the difficulty lies in the choice of idiomatic means to express the invariant sense.

This article is an analysis of the decision­making mechanisms in translation based on the criteria of acceptability and preference . The article considers a variety of approaches to decision­making, which is determined by both objective parameters and an interpreter’s perception of the main components of translation as a complex system .

The article raises the question of studying the form (the formal structure) and the semantics (the semantic structure) of multiword terms. It points outthat multiword terminological units abounding in branch terminologies pose a problem in researching their outer structure and meaning. The lexeme “element” is put forth to be used for denoting a component of a one-word term, while the word “component” is suggested as a designation of a constituent part of a multi-word term. The article highlights the fact that in the sublanguage ofter minological science vocabulary, as well as in the language used for general purposes, certain semantic phenomena can be observed, viz. polysemy, synonymy, homonymy, antonymy, paronymy.

The object of study in the article is lexical and semantic group “reality” in the emergency situations terminology as a categorial and terminological microsystem. The subject is the possibilities of its categorization, semantization and taxonomic classification. The semantic core of all the terms forming this group consists of two integral features: abstract relations and forms of existence of matter: reality. In the terminology of emergency situations special reality is described by terms situation, state, conditions, circumstances, crisis, regime, system, condition, biocenosis, life, anomaly. To become industry-specific terms, these lexical units receive differential signs (source, consequence, objecty subject, space, quantity, order, change, modality, condition, time, activity). With the help of these semes, special professional information can be expressed. As a result of semantic specification, the lexicon forms a special professional terminology field.

The presented material is dedicated to the outstanding Russian philologist, linguist and specialist in terminology Vladimir Leitchik, the founder of the new discipline known as Terminology (“Terminovedeniye”). At the beginning of his scientific career he was focused on the issues of word-formation in the French language but then continued to show the integration of different branches of scientific knowledge, including semiotics and computer science, lexicography and lexicology, phraseology and stylistics, patent science, translation and interpreting, neology and terminology. This last field became the leading one in his scientific life, in which the poly paradigmatic and cross-disciplinary aspects of his research perspective are fully revealed.

The article deals with term-formation potentials of mineralogical eponyms in the light of cognitive term-formation. It is concluded that most mineralogical eponyms are monosyllabic terms formed by suffixation. The suffixes can be either simple or complex but the structure of mineralogical eponyms remains unchanged when translated into other languages. 30 termformation models are considered in detail; these models are divided into three main groups: name + surname (14 models), surname only (9 models) and name only (7 models). The author introduces the concept of eponymlike terms and separates two mineralogical eponyms formed by means of compounding. 82 prefixes for the formation of mineralogical eponyms are considered: prefixes representing a dominant chemical element and Greek words representing the prefixes.

The article describes the method of singling out and analyzing the cultural component of meaning as well as that of terminologies. The method was worked out on the basis of the theory of terminological sign by Dr. Vladimir Leitchik. The author distinguishes between the notions of 'cultural component of terminological meaning, “cultural component of terminologies and terminological systems” and “sociocultural component of branch terminologies” such as Anglo-American terminologies of law, education, etc. The target goal of the research is to apply the developed method of terminological sign analysis to new terminologies. In the present article, the stated method is used to analyze the terminology of Russian history borrowed from the Russian language into the English texts by British historians. The author illustrates the theory of terminological sign by investigating the semantics of the linguistic substratum of terminological signs and the content of the conceptual superstratum of the sign. The results of the article include the description of the peculiarities of the content structure of the transcribed terms of Russian history which contain the cultural component of meaning in English texts.

The article is aimed at studying the terminological heritage of a famous linguist, one of the founders of the theory of term in Russian terminology, Vladimir Moiseyevich Leitchik. The issues, solved in the works of this researcher, as well as the dynamics of his creative views, are analyzed on the basis of certain periods in his research work. The role of this researcher in laying the foundations of the cognitive perspective in terminology which predetermined the birth of discursive terminology is revealed..

The history of publications of Russian literature in the Basque language is along-standing process with a great number of historical, social and even politicaldriving factors. The agenda of translating Russian literature into Basque spansmore than 60 years: ninety-one Russian literary works were published in theBasque language between 1956 and 2017. The history of this process can bedivided into three development stages: the first stage (1956-1970) covers thesecond half of Francos dictatorship. The second stage (1982-1994) ranges fromthe restoration of democracy to 1994. The third period (1995-2017) begins with the first direct translation from Russian into Basque and ends in 2017, when the last Russian novel was published in Basque.

The article covers intermediate results of the authors⁵ research into translator's language personality. The authors compare translations of the samefiction works done by different translators, sometimes observing the dependenceof quality of translation on the gender identification of the translators. However, this fact remains to be scientifically proved. The authors believe that in any case the interpreter is to take into account the intention of the original text; therefore, the presence of realia in the discourse makes it much harder for a translator to perform the main task, i.e. to achieve adequacy in translation. Searching translation methods is connected with the trisd-and-error method. Using the experience of translation and knowledge of extralinguistic factors, it is possible to help translators achieve adequacy in translation.

The article deals with the history of translations of e Black Monk by Anton Chekhov in different periods of the 20th century in China. Chinese readers first got acquainted with translations of Russian literature at the beginning of the 20th century. Around that time, the first publications of Chekhov’s works were made in Chinese, including the Black Monk which is considered to be the first Chinese translation of Chekhov’s literary works ever the author analyzes features of the translations in different periods of the 20th century.

Intentionality is one of the most important features of discourse e way interpreting conveys the speaker’s intention directly affects the results of communication the intentionality of discourse has shed new light on interpreting research and practice Using the interpreting notes of Chinese President Xi’s speech at the 2016 Hangzhou BRICS Summit as analytical material, the author of this article summarizes various interpreting methods based on different intentions and provides relevant strategies to help interpreters do their job well.

The article is a detailed analysis of the column setting of Vestnik Mosk­ovskogo universiteta. Seria 22. Teoria perevoda (2008–2017) rough both quantitative and qualitative analyses, the overall characteristics as well as the development and changes in the journal over the past ten years have been presented A possible explaination has been proposed by linking the changes with the historical context of Russian society By analyzing and summarizing the achievements of the journal, suggestions have also been made regarding its future development 

The article is devoted to the fragment of a language world image formed by the names of twelve animal symbols of the year (鼠 “rat,” 牛 “bull,” 虎 “tiger,” 兔 “hare,” 龙 “dragon,” 蛇 “snake,” 马 “horse,” 羊 “sheep,” 猴 “monkey,” 鸡 “cock,” 狗 “dog,” 猪 “pig”). The aim of the study is to reveal both similarities and differences of this fragment of the language world image according to the well-known Russian and Chinese explanatory dictionaries published in 2012. Because the place of the words in the dictionary reflects the place of the words in the language system, it can be assumed that these Russian and Chinese nominative units that characterize the fragment of the language world image occupy different positions in the language system, with the Russian nominative units occupying a more peripheral position than the Chinese ones.

The paper discusses how the concepts of bilingual dictionary and translation dictionary are understood in the works of Russian and Polish researchers. The author makes a comparison of the views, focusing especially on a twofold approach to these concepts and terms in the literature (in a broad sense, bilingual dictionary and translation dictionary refer to the same type of lexicographic product).

When studying literary translation, a special emphasis is to be put on the understanding of the complex relationship between the two creators, viz. the author and the translator. In addition to frequent and important differences in their worldview, cultural and literary views and preferences, there is an equally important problem – that of the interaction of their personal styles. We can recall the words of the French writer Buffon: “The style is the man himself” and only because of the original “style” of his creation does his work acquire a unique image and genuine value. At the same time, we need to recognize the objectivity of the existence of individual styles in highly professional translators.

The article analyzes five Russian translations of a poem by E.E. Cummings, one of the most prominent avant-garde poets of the 20th century. In the last decade, in Russia we have seen a growing interest in his poetry, which inevitably increases the number of its translations. The author of the article has been attracted by the fact that there are several translations of the poem “Anyone lived in a pretty how town” made by modern poetstranslators, namely V. Britanishsky, D. Kuzmin, M. Stepanova, Ya. Probshteyn, and S. Boychenko. Interestingly enough, these five translations of one text are, in fact, five separate works that differ from each other as well as from the original. The author analyzes the specific translation solutions made by the translators in their attempts to convey the agrammatism of Cummings’s poetry in Russian. By comparing these five very different poetic texts with the original, the author tries to reveal the translation strategy of each poettranslator, determining the final result of his activity, i.e. the work that will be considered the ultimate translation of the Cummings’s poem. The author comes to the conclusion that the original, which has several translations, becomes part of translators’ arsenal that helps establish communication among the translated texts. Ternary relations emerge in which translation functions as an instrument of cultural transfer.

In today’s word, scientific knowledge increases on an ongoing basis; therefore, the challenge of analyzing the accumulated data turns into a task of paramount importance when considering scientific problems. This article focuses on the technical text and technical translation per se as they – in the context of the globalization and rapid technological development – should become the topic of meticulous and rigorous research. To measure bibliographic entries related to technical texts and translation, the scientometric approach is utilized in the article. The Bibliography of Translation and Interpreting (BITRA) has been selected as the material to draw upon. This bibliography is one of the few and the most comprehensive online bibliographic databases devoted to translation studies. It features publications by foreign and Russian researchers alike. The results obtained show that not more than 11% of the BITRA-indexed publications are devoted to technical translation, with the ratio of dissertations by foreign scholars covering technical translation aspects being 0.05% as compared to the overall number of 1997–2017 BITRA entries. No technical translation dissertations written by Russian researchers have been found. Two points of view on technical texts have been determined as some scholars consider special (legal, medical, economic, etc.) texts to be “technical” ones due to the presence of special terminology in such texts. Other researchers treat technical texts as special ones as they have something to do with the technological sector. Thus, the scientometric approach is an effective tool of analyzing bibliographic data. In addition, it should be noted that this method is also helpful in formulating practical guidelines for enhancing the search functionality of contemporary bibliographic databases.

In the second part of the complex study of the four-stage hermeneutic-translation methodological standard, which includes pre-understanding, understanding, interpretation, and translation solution, the first two stages of the translator’s work are considered, ensuring a harmonious transdisciplinary cooperation of various social and human sciences with the theory and practice of interlingual mediation. The construction of a modern hermeneutic paradigm of translation as a system-forming synergetic construct of the theory and practice of inter-linguistic mediation allows us to find the optimal approach to the productive synthesis of numerous concepts, models and methodological projects accumulated by modern translatology both in Russia and abroad. The “hermeneutical turn” in philosophy and in all current successfully developing social and humanitarian sciences clearly testifies in favor of the development of translation studies and their modern practical applications in the “hermeneutic channel” of scientific and methodological thought.

The article is dedicated to translations of the Chinese classical poetry anthology “Poems on a Fan” and the ancient Chinese treatise “Dao de Jing” by the Russian poet Valery Pereleshin. The article also describes the history of the creation of the translations, as well as provides a detailed analysis of the translations’ adequacy in the unity of the form and content, i.e. compliance with a miniature form of Chinese poetry and the adequacy of impressions made by the original poetry on the reader. The phenomenon of literary synthesis in translations of “Dao de Jing” is also studied in the article. It describes the difficulty of selecting a genre for the translation of the treatise written in a rhythmic prose. Based on a triple analysis of Valery Pereleshin’s poetic translation (the form, the image of the poem and its compositional structure), the article reveals the aesthetic beauty of the translation and the poet’s rethinking of the philosophical images and ideas contained in the original by means of abstracting specific objectivity and translating the circular structure found in the widespread version of the treatise into a logical and linear structure conformable with the original poem.

In this paper, we analyze multi-functional features of adverbs by means of studying “也” in the Chinese language and its translation into the Russian language. Within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics, we divide the adverb “也” into two groups: expressing logical meanings and expressing interpersonal meanings. The logical meanings include a traditional composition and joining, whereas the interpersonal meanings contain different modalities.

When the word “也” is used to express logical meanings, translations of this word into Russian vary. It can be translated as “и, и... и, даже, да... и, кто (как, какой) бы ни, так... и, но”. If, however, the adverb “也” expresses interpersonal meanings, it is usually translated as “даже” or “и”. When there is no regular equivalent between Chinese and Russian, the semantic transformation is often used.

The multifaceted function of “也” and its various translations into Russian clearly show the mixed features of adverbs.

The article examines the general problems of training Russian-language translators in the PRC and their relevance in the framework of the development of The One Belt One Road Initiative. Based on the analysis of the history of translators’ training in China, the already existing practice of training and its advantages are determined. The importance of human resources as the first driving force behind the promotion of social and economic development is noted, as well as the importance of translators/interpreters who are professionally involved in the cross-cultural communication in the comprehensive promotion of a new model of international and regional economic cooperation. The idea of changing the status of the Russian language in promoting The One Belt One Road Initiative is proposed, which determines the change in the training of translators/interpreters, which, along with the orientation to one language and one country, should be transformed into the training of translators/interpreters in Russian-speaking countries. The importance of combining external and internal factors to achieve results in the historical reconstruction of the training of Russian-language translators/interpreters is shown.

The article provides a linguodidactic perspective on targeted training while taking into account psycholinguistic factors influencing the generation of future interpreters’ response and syntactic synonyms that are close, but not identical, in meaning to one another. The author analyzes the importance of the use of simple sentences in speech as well as possibilities of their usage while considering semantics and the presence of synonymous constructions. The author provides the reader with numerous examples to illustrate the idea that selecting specific syntactic synonyms implies both their deep rethinking on the part of the students and systemic commenting on the part of the teachers.

The article reveals an essential connection between the mental model existing in the interpreter’s consciousness and the synonymous phenomenon from the perspective of speech generation. Based on this provision, a comparison is made between the translation from the mother tongue to a foreign language (A-B) and the opposite (B-A). It is pointed out that synonymous competence is one of the most important factors for improving the level of translation from the mother tongue to a foreign language. It is suggested that synonymous competence can be considered as a key to the formation and improvement of translation competence, especially the translation model of B-A.

Russian and Chinese belong to different language families. They are different in terms of vocabulary, grammar, language usages, etc. Therefore, the issue of how to use some Chinese skills in interpreting is worth discussing. The appropriate use of these skills can greatly improve the quality of interpreting. This paper makes a detailed analysis of some special Chinese lexical means such as four-character phrases, reduplicated words, antonym compound words and repetition. The research results can help professionals in the field improve the speed and quality of interpreting.

This article studies strategies of Russian-Chinese interpretation based on the analysis of discourse coherence. The authors note that through studying and comparing the coherence in Russian and Chinese discourses, the degree of deviation between the source language and the target language can be measured. Meanwhile, the efficiency of interpreting can be accurately evaluated. This research attempts to contribute to further studies of interpretation, including theoretical and practical development in this research field, as well as to improve the quality of training programs. Thus, the quality of interpreting can be improved both theoretically and practically.

This article examines the main features of the modern Russian school of interpreting. The relevance of Chinese researchers’ attention to the Russian translation school is primarily due to the rapid development of relations between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China in the field of politics, economy, culture, science and education, the need to ensure mutual understanding in the dialogue between Russia and China, and also professional translators’ interest in the formation of new approaches and effective teaching methods. The purposes of the article are to consider the main periods of the formation of the Russian school of interpreting, to build a history of the development of interpreting in Russia in the 20th and 21st centuries. On the basis of the analysis, the author concludes that the Soviet school as well as the modern Russian school which has inherited educational traditions from the Soviet one, both have unique features that distinguish them from Western translation/interpreting schools.

Humanity has achieved a very valuable understanding of the essence of translation during the long period of translation practice. However, researchers in the past paid more attention to the translation product, while research into the thinking mechanism of translators/interpreters was of little interest to them. Therefore, the conclusions or methods obtained could not be effectively applied to translation practice and translation pedagogy. Through the use of the semantic triangle theory, the authors of the present paper try to describe the fundamental principles of translators and interpreters’ work with the help of a series of experiments in order to learn the translation/interpreting essence through studying the translation/interpreting process.

Now that the vast majority of countries are becoming interdependent both economically and politically and peoples are striving, inter alia, to preserve their national identity, whose main vectors are national languages, ensuring successful communication through translation generates interest among specialists in the field of translation theory and methodology, as well as cross-lingual and cross-cultural communication.

The Russian school of interpreting prides itself on its rich traditions established by researchers in the second half of the 20th century.

Today, interpreting theory and methodology issues are once again in the focus of the attention of international researchers, including those in China.

Thus, we deem it important to analyze the fundamental features of the Russian school of interpreting and its evolution.

This article focuses on the translation of anthropology terms, the meanings of which do not coincide in the Russian and English languages despite their sound-graphic similarity. It is applied to such terms as ethnology, ethnography, anthropology and their Russian analogies: антропология, этнология, этнография.

To study the anthropology terms, the authors used a pragmatic approach, according to which terminology is viewed as a system that shapes an academic text. The translation of these terms is determined by their specificity.

Currently, the main research center of Russian ethnology is the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; its name reflects the traditional approach to the interpretation of the terms of this academic discipline, where ethnology embraces a socio-cultural aspect of the study of man, whereas anthropology (a.k.a. physical anthropology in the United States) deals with the biological issues.

Although anthropology is inseparably linked with biology, at the same time, it is closely connected with social sciences as well. From this point of view, anthropology crowns natural sciences.

The result of the research has shown that after establishing discrepancies in the system of concepts expressed in terms of native and foreign languages, the inter-language harmonization of terminology within the framework of comparative terminology is possible.

The authors analyze specific criteria for the selection of terms to be included in theological dictionaries. The following criteria are of special importance from the conceptual, theological and terminographical points of view: monoconfessional dictionary; confessional tolerance; conformity and variability of theological interpretation; differentiation of the Holy Scripture’s vocabulary, theological texts’ vocabulary, and general vocabulary; theological collocation of vocabulary. The authors also analyze tendencies in formulating definitions for terms to be included in theological dictionaries.

The article describes various methods of making monolingual dictionaries and is a case study of the National Photocorpus of the Polish Language.

The article considers the value of freedom in phraseology of the English, German and Russian languages, as well as deals with the semantic and corpus analysis. Values are a significant category in languages and cultures regulating a person’s perception of the surrounding reality and social behavior. Research into the value of freedom through analyzing idioms makes it possible to reveal the ways of conceptualization of this notion in different languages, to define the role and influence of cultures on the specificity of the semantic field “political values,” as well as to find peculiarities of idioms’ semantics. The article is an analysis of idioms representing the freedom of speech and choice. The freedom of speech is shown as an opportunity to openly express one’s opinions as well as an appeal to fairness. It is reflected in the inner form and in the lexical structure of idioms. The corpus approach has shown that under the influence of the inner form synonymous idioms turn out to be significantly different to one another in various contexts; regular compatibility with different lexemes is revealed, many idioms also acquire additional meanings. The freedom of choice is reflected in expressions describing reforms, manifestations of patriotism and policies aimed at supporting the country.

This article deals with the concept of word collocation as a syntagmatic characteristic typical of various functional styles. The results of the author’s analysis of designations of UK and US ministries and ministers functioning in the form of word collocations in media texts, reference texts, and fiction have revealed that the syntagmatic form of such word collocations can change depending on a particular functional style.

Untranslatable does not imply dead-ends in the process of translation. In fact, there are many translation strategies that can solve the problem. Non-equivalent words, idioms and special cultural expressions are often neglected in the field of translation. In this paper, we focus on the countermeasure for untranslatability in Russian-to-Chinese literary translation through the domestication, foreignization, interpretation and other translation strategies.

Mafia is used as a loan word in English and Russian alike. However, Italian mafia is a much more complex term with deep historical and cultural roots. The article discusses mafia-related terminology and ways to translate it into English and Russian. One of the best options is to use the so-called foreignization strategy, i.e. to retain the term in the source language while providing an appropriate explanation in the target language. To illustrate this point, the author defines the term omerta and suggests ways to translate it.

The article presents a view on translation as a complex and multidimensional phenomenon. Five aspects of the nature of translation are highlighted in regard to the lingual structure, culture, semiotics, sense (cognition) and communicative pragmatics. These aspects constitute different features of translation reality. Dealing with every aspect of translation, the article discriminates between translation and the usual behavior of a language sign in speech. Translation must be studied as a whole while taking into consideration all the aspects of its nature. The abovementioned aspects of translation, on the one hand, are interconnected, but, on the other hand, are opposed to each other. The language-related and cultural factors account for differences in translation, as the sense and communicative pragmatics represent the basis for achieving translation identity. The integrative approach to translation demands enhancing a static comparative text analysis with a dynamic view of translation as a semiotic phenomenon in the process of its development in speech. Methodologically, a dynamic view rests on the dialectics of philosophical categories of identity and difference, immobility (rest) and mobility (change). The contensive side of translation is formed by the opposition of sense and reference. This opposition accounts for the interpretative nature of translation. To prove the theoretical views, the article presents an analysis of English-to-Russian and Portuguese-to-Russian translation examples. The article may be useful to all those interested in general and specialized translation.

This article is an attempt to view translation as a decision-making process based on the concepts, categories and methods of the decision-making theory. The article presents the results of the experiment which made it possible to add new types of translation decisions and steps to existing ones as well as to analyze the notions of translation strategy and translation unit which are considered to be issues common to translation research.

The 1st International Forum “The Russian Language in the World Context and at International Organizations” took place from 28th of September to 3rd of October 2016 in Rome.

The present article is an analysis of the military lexis, its categorization and its presence in bilingual military dictionaries aimed at revealing general trends in the Russian lexicography and the lexicographical culture of specialized dictionaries, as well as advise on further development of the bilingual military dictionary format.

Double syntax constructions usually classified as ‘poetic license’ in a complicated text have been reviewed against the background of normal word order, inversion and dislocated syntax models in poetic translation from English into Russian. The constructions may be motivated by indefinite reference and referential conflict of pronominal substitution, anaphoric and cataphoric cohesion of the textual blocks. Under translation such constructions illustrated by examples from Emily Dickinson’s poetic texts and their translation variants by A. Gavrilov and I. Bliznestova are non-equivalent; the translation strategy is targeted at eliminating referential duality in the text.

The purpose of this article — to analyze what methods are used to obznacheniya symbolic expressions of Internet communication in Russian and Chinese. In this paper, we razlelyaem landmark designation at the numbers and emoticons. This study reflects the main current trends that need to be confirmed on a wide nabolee material: Chinese youth uses symbolic notation in Internet communication more and they have a broader semantic than Russian youth.

The article offers a comparative semantic analysis of the cluster “wild plants” in the Russian and Chuvash linguistic world images. The authors analyze both direct and figurative meanings of the Russian and Chuvash words and set expression, as well as free combinations of words from a given thematic group. Also analyzed are polysemy, metaphors, symbols, connotations of various Russian and Chuvash words, phraseology and set similes in the Russian and Chuvash languages. Special attention is paid to the Russian and Chuvash folklore. The Russian and Chuvash words from any given thematic group are part of the linguistic world images of the Russian and Chuvash ethnic groups. The analysis makes its contribution to the reconstruction of the integrated linguistic world image and helps to reveal some peculiarities of the national world perception.

The article studies the rational and emotional nature of the expressive means of language that form the basis for the comparative-stylistic analysis proposed by the outstanding Swiss linguist Charles Bally. Isolation, identification and the classification of expressive means of language aimed at determining the emotional component of speech are based on the method of comparison with the conceptual language of “pure ideas” reflecting peculiarities of the human psyche. The comparison may include languages united by a common psychological structure revealing the emotional side of language patterns that constitute the system due to the living language associations. The article also attempts to establish the origins of functionalism, which can be traced in the social aspects of language patterns that influence the parlance of a specific field as well as the functioning of language systems in similar situations of communication.

This article discusses possible consequences of the referendum on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (Brexit) for the European language system, as well as the training system in the language industry in both the EU and the UK. The referendum brought to the surface the previously hidden contradiction between the UK, France and Germany on the use of official and working languages in the European Union. However, the Europeans’ hope to oust the English language cannot be realized because of Ireland and Malta’s standing on this issue. The exit of the UK from the EU will have a negative impact on English language learning programs aimed at training language experts for the language industry, as living language studies are being somewhat neglected in the UK education system today.

There is a common misconception that technical documentation is, by definition, clear and hence easy to translate. The terminology is often naively said to be unambiguous and internationally standardized. Even if a term is used in a wrong way, the context will set it right as it eases the understanding and further communication. The article deals with examples which show perfectly how bewildering both specific professional terms and household technical realia might be for native speakers of different languages, which poses a real challenge in translating these apparently “simple” and “unambiguous” units.

The paper discusses the translations of Miguel de Cervantes’ interludes by Aleksandr Ostrovsky made through the use of the foreignization translation strategy that consists in preserving national and cultural features of the original. The authors show that literal translation and the strategy of “distancing” are characteristic of the Russian playwright’s translation method (although at the same time he tries to make the text clear to the Russian reader). Special attention is paid to Ostrovsky’s studies in the field of Spanish literature, culture and dance. Ostrovsky’s translation comments on Cervantes’ interludes are analyzed.

The article focuses on the peculiarities of translation of indoctrination materials (leaflets and radio broadcast programs) aimed at soldiers and the population of Nazi Germany during the Great Patriotic War. Based on the language and style analysis of original materials, we define grammatical, syntactical and stylistic transformations in translation intended to convey the meaning of combat documents which exert influence over different demographic and social groups. While analyzing the discourse of verbal persuasion in the armed forces of Wehrmacht through oral and printed propaganda, we emphasize the translator’s capability to use language means, particularly epithets, allegories, antitheses, metaphors, hyperbolae, inversions, etc., to affect soldiers’ feelings and emotional state. A thorough study of indoctrination documents allows the authors to suggest a set of necessary requirements for translators who work with leaflets and broadcast programs.

The article stresses the necessity to find appropriate ways of car brand slogans translation taking into account the fact that automotive companies convey an additional symbolic meaning to promotional items so as to establish an image-based communication. Considering linguistic and stylistic peculiarities of advertisements, we define means that ensure the invariant character of the target text, analyze car brand slogans translation from English into Russian and propose ways aimed at conveying a perlocutive effect of the original message. The author studies the capability of evaluation expressions to control the addressee’s actions indirectly through creation of incentives related to essential needs stressed in the advertisement.

The richest system of suffixes in the Russian language is ideally adapted for the expression of a vast range of different emotional relationships, not only gentle, affectionate, but many others for which it is sometimes quite difficult to find a definition. Translators face the challenge of untranslatability of diminutive-hypocoristic suffixes. In this respect, the most interesting objects of texts studies can be texts by Mikhail Bulgakov in which the author uses various words with diminutive-hypocoristic suffixes in his pursuit of a specific artistic task, viz. to transmit certain emotionally-colored connotations not always related exclusively to the amount value. The use of diminutive-hypocoristic suffixes in French is not common in word formation, which poses translation problems. It is important to note that the use of the stylistic nuances of diminutive-hypocoristic suffixes is of great importance for the understanding of Bulgakov’s irony, as well as penetrating those parts of the text that refer to the representatives of the so-called “new time” and are not conveyed in the translation.

The researchers note that translating technical texts into one’s native language is no easier a task than doing it in the opposite direction, particularly when the translator lacks expertise in the target area. The main difficulties that supposedly arise are translation of terms and clichés, as well as fitting the thought into an appropriate form in the target language. The authors suggest that ad-hoc corpora of texts in the native language be used to address them. The basis for this study became the experience, by all means successful, of utilizing the same type of resources, this time consisting of texts in the foreign language, in translations from the mother tongue. The researchers demonstrate strategies of employing corpora to overcome language difficulties and concurrently address the ever-pressing issue of optimizing the procedures for information retrieving from electronic translating tools. Particularly, they look into the benefits of corpus managers’ advanced search and wild card characters. Among other noteworthy results of this work are several tested and proven approaches to generating corpus queries based on the context analysis. They come in handy when everything else, i.e. dictionaries and other conventional translating tools, failed as sources of preliminary data for corpus searching.

The article discusses the development of the Interpretive Theory in China and its impact on scientific research and practical translation activities in China from Chinese researchers’ perspective. It also describes the author’s point of view about the causes of the spread of the Interpretive theory in China, as well as the establishment of a complete interpretation theory system in China.

The article focuses on defining the notion of strategy of translation, describes its major components and defines major principles for the translator to use when choosing a specific translation strategy. The author concludes that “translation strategy” is a complex multi-agent notion that has its “core” and “periphery”. Translation strategy is viewed as a kind of purposeful and meaningful cognitive translator’s behavior, aiming mainly at a definite communicative target. Certain methods, techniques and approaches to translation are believed to be an essential strategy of translation components required to achieve good translation quality.

The article is concerned with the results of the comparative study of Russian and British encyclopaedias of the 19th century. The aim of the study is to reveal the peculiarities of the historical development of Russian and British encyclopaedias in relation to each other and to specify the features of similarities and differences in the structure of encyclopaedic articles in these editions. If the main task for the Russian encyclopaedia of that period was to create a predominantly national edition, the British encyclopaedists were primarily concerned with providing the reader with information on current events, the latest achievements of science and technology in the world. It was found that at the beginning of this century British encyclopaedias developed more actively than Russian encyclopaedias and that the development of British encyclopaedias, unlike the Russian ones, was significantly influenced by the commercialisation of book publishing and serious competition between publishers. In general, more encyclopaedias were published in Britain (especially in the first quarter of the century) than in Russia, and at the same time, unlike Russia, not only alphabetical but also systematic (thematic) encyclopaedias were published in Britain. The comparison of encyclopaedic articles in Russian and British editions showed that the encyclopaedias of both countries used similar types of articles (review article, reference article, explanatory article, crossreference article), and the indication/non-indication of the authorship of the article is not nationally conditioned. Unlike British encyclopaedias, Russian encyclopaedias usually indicate that the material, or part of it, is translated or borrowed. A comparison of the articles in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedic Dictionary and the ninth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica shows that by the end of the century had been developed a model of a personalia-article that was used by both Russian and British editors: the headword is an individual or group anthroponym, the choice of which is nationally specific; the information is presented in a referential way; the article oft en has an evaluative modality. The headwords of the articles on mythonyms, which are somewhat fewer in the Encyclopaedia Britannica than in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopaedic Dictionary, represent in both encyclopaedias the names of several spheres of onomastic space. The similarity of Russian and British encyclopaedias of the 19th century is due to the fact that their Russian and British compilers followed the already established rules of selection and compilation of encyclopaedic articles. The differences found can be explained by the cultural and national traditions of Russia and Great Britain.

The article deals with examples of humour creation and their verbal and non-verbal peculiarities in English popular scientific discourse. These examples are known as TED lectures or TED talks. Humour is oft en used by speakers to attract the audience’s attention. It happens while establishing a contact or focusing attention on some concrete aspects in the lecture’s content. The information in the lecture is used for transmitting complex ideas, which in the process of perception may become not so sophisticated in English popular scientific discourse. 

The text of the speech is shaping the analysis of verbal mechanisms of humour representing orally popular scientific discourse, sometimes mingled with non-verbal features. The understanding of cognitive mechanisms of humour creation in the orator’s speech and the perception of it by the listeners is expressed by a verbal form and it is combined with the nonverbal and multimodal characteristics. It may help language learners improving their language skills and understanding of English as well as providing the better perception and comprehension of the professional speech in the English language. Besides that, humour studies in lectures aimed at the audience in English in TED lectures may reveal the way speakers use humour, and pointing which particular features depend upon the situational-pragmatic characteristics of communication. The authors of the article represent the difference between a special text and special discourse to perform a much deeper analysis of the discussed problems. The material of this research is based on the text of the lecture by the well-known American neurophysiologist Stuart Firestein (Firestein, 2013).

This article presents an overview of contemporary approaches to multimodal discourse analysis. In multimodal discourse studies, different definitions of mode and different foci are noted. The multimodal analysis theory of different types of discourse is considered from functionalist, cognitive and interactionist sociological perspectives and multimodal corpus analysis and multimodal empirical studies of advertising discourse are presented.

The article deals with the phenomenon of motivation as a key factor determining the professional activity of translators. The author focuses on the significance of internal and external stimuli that infl uence the choice of translation strategies and methods, as well as the final result of translation. Special attention is paid to the role of personal and creative aspects that characterise translation activity as a form of professional self-expression. Various forms of translation motivation are analysed in detail, including the translator’s comments, prefaces, notes and other metatextual elements that contribute to the elimination of semantic losses and cultural asymmetries. The study is based on an interdisciplinary approach combining linguistics, psychology and translation studies, which allows for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying translators’ professional choices.

The article deals with the phenomenon of motivation as a key factor determining the professional activity of translators. The author focuses on the significance of internal and external stimuli that infl uence the choice of translation strategies and methods, as well as the final result of translation. Special attention is paid to the role of personal and creative aspects that characterise translation activity as a form of professional self-expression. Various forms of translation motivation are analysed in detail, including the translator’s comments, prefaces, notes and other metatextual elements that contribute to the elimination of semantic losses and cultural asymmetries. The study is based on an interdisciplinary approach combining linguistics, psychology and translation studies, which allows for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying translators’ professional choices.

The article is devoted to the currently relevant study of the concept of time in languages and cultures of unrelated to each other: Russian, English and Ingush. The change in the perspective of research approaches: from the study of language structures to the analysis of the system of mental and cognitive processes of human activity. Th is has led to the need for research in this scientific area and updated the theme, purpose and objectives of this article. The interpretation object is the lexemes of temporal semantics. The subject of the study is the exposition of the “time” category in the artistic text of “The tale of wasted time” by E. Schwartz. The purpose of the study is to interpret the speech-thought category of time in the translated text: from the source language (SL): Russian, into the target languages (TL): English and Ingush. The main task of studying temporal units is to identify and justify the choice of a specific translation type that most accurately conveys the grammatical category of time, from the original language to the target language in a fiction text, using a cognitive approach. The main research methods are: the cognitive approach, along with the descriptive, semantic, linguotranslation and comparative-contrastive methods. The final results obtained by studying the concept of time in the fiction of three unrelated languages (Russian, English and Ingush), indicate the fact that the understanding of time by a native speaker of a particular language is not the same and is extraordinary, due to national and cultural differences/ characteristics. However, there is an analogy with how the identification and designation of time in the Ingush and English languages is traced, namely: a) physical time: ха in the Ingush language and time in English; b) grammatical time: метта ха in the Ingush language and tense in English. At the same time, by conducting a statistical analysis and preliminary calculation of all the translation operations performed, the following was established: 1) translation from Russian into English is distinguished by its denotation: the semantic level, where the subject meaning of the concept: time appears to a greater extent; 2) translation from Russian to Ingush is distinguished by its semantic (significative) level, where the concept in the SL (source language) is related to the designated concept in the TL (target language).

Hermeneutics, the art of understanding and interpreting texts, which has a long history, is considered one of the most important philosophical concepts today. It is also frequently mentioned in interdisciplinary studies, including studies of literary translation. Th is paper focuses on the development of hermeneutical studies of literary translation in China, statistically analyzing more than five hundred articles and dissertations published in China over the past twenty years, exploring Chinese researchers’ interest in different subfields. In conclusion, the western hermeneutical theories, especially those of Hans-Georg Gadamer and George Steiner, have made positive influences on the noted studies in the past few decades. However, at the same time, this study also reveals several problems, such as the lack of research on language pairs other than the Chinese-English language pair, as well as the lack of theoretical innovation. At the end of this article, numerous propositions are made, suggesting that researchers analyze more diverse types of texts in different languages, put forward their own innovative ideas, and build a unique theoretical system for hermeneutical studies of literary translation in China.

Following the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, the translation industry has undergone unprecedented changes. AI technologies have not only transformed translation methods, but also put forward new requirements for translators’ professional competencies. This paper discusses the content of translation competencies and the ways of their transformation in the AI era, analyzes new aspects of translation skills, and proposes a training model representing the synergy of technology and humanities in order to train new, comprehensive translation professionals to meet the requirements of the era.

Translation plays an important role in developing the capacity of international communication. With the historical transition from “translation from foreign languages into Chinese” to “translation from Chinese into foreign languages”, China will gradually develop theoretical foundations and accumulate practical experience to strengthen national translation competence and build international communication capacity through continuous research into translation and translation studies. Th e paper analyses the current situation and prospects of the development of translation activity in China based on fi gures and facts.

In the context of the growing interest in the psychological and cognitive aspects of translation process, one of the directions of modern translation studies is the study of the constraints accompanying translation activity. This article considers the phenomenon of uncertainty as a source of constraints in translation process. The article provides a description of the system of external and internal constraints in translation activity; discusses the necessity of including the context of uncertainty in translation process research; reveals the nature of uncertainty from linguistic, hermeneutic and didactic perspectives; describes the specificity of uncertainty in translating pragmatic and literary texts. The author also proposes to consider the phenomenon of uncertainty in translation activity in terms of decision-making and draw a connection between the degree of uncertainty of the situation and the amount of intellectual effort on the part of the translator. The article also emphasizes the significant role of the phenomenon of uncertainty for the translation didactics and provides a brief overview of teaching practices incorporating the phenomenon of uncertainty into the context of translation training.

The above article discusses the extra-linguistic aspects of translation activity, emphasizing the opinions of N.K. Garbovskiy, A.D. Schweitzer, R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev and O.I. Kostikova. Emphasizes the importance of taking into account the sociocultural context and extra-linguistic factors in the translation process, suggesting studying the conditions of creation and perception of texts, as well as the social status of communication participants. 

The author points out the need for further research into these aspects, arguing that understanding the function of translation is a continuous process that evolves over time. It is noted that translation has performed a variety of social functions ranging from political to educational throughout human history, which emphasizes its importance in various spheres of life. 

Thus, the text emphasizes the diversity of factors affecting translation and calls for further research in this area.

The review is dedicated to the 4th edition of the N. Garbovsky`s book “Theory of Translation”. It won well-deserved recognition as one of the best works in the sphere of translation studies. Different aspects of translatology found in this book thorough and detailed consideration. It is underlined, that this work makes an equal contribution both in educational and scientific literature.

One of the ways of cognitive modelling of professional discourse and terminological nomination is revealed in this article — it includes the construal of the propositional structure representing knowledge. At first, the history of the notion appearance of proposition is traced back to the period of Antiquity. After that, we can find the contribution of some scholars to the evolution of this notion becoming a three-partial formula suitable for the study in different spheres of knowledge, especially in reflecting the surrounding reality in logics, psychology and linguistics. The central element of the propositional structure is the verb uniting two arguments. 

The aim of this article is to show how the proposition as a structure of knowledge is able to uncover text semantics and the semantics of a nominative unit. The most important aspect of this analysis comprises propositional analysis within the framework of the cognitive-communicative paradigm of linguistic knowledge, particularly the study of special discourse and terminological nomination. The propositional analysis is capable of revealing the conceptual underpinning of the propositional structure based on a special text and terminological nomination. 

Initially, proposition was used to analyze some text stretches, then as the main element of frame analysis revealing not only the subject knowledge, but also emotional and temporal pragmatic characteristics influencing the text development, later associating it with the construal of semantic sets and at last becoming part and parcel of cognitive-onomasiological modelling. 

English texts referring to scientific speech and complex units like compound words and word combinations are becoming the research material in the article. The author concludes that the propositional structure representing knowledge is one of the major constituents of cognitive modelling in the semantic sphere of nominative units in terminological domains of knowledge. Besides that this analysis has great potential in the search of basic concepts of professional discourse. All these spheres of application of propositional analysis are proved very useful in cognitive-communicative terminological science.

A review of the monograph by Mishkurov E.N. and Novikova M.G. “Cognitive-Hermeneutic Approach to Translation Theory and Methodology.” Moscow: Flinta, 2020. 300 p.

This article is a review of the dictionary of popular expressions from cartoons “Don’t you make laugh my horseshoes” written by Svetlana G. Shulezhkova and her students. The destination of the dictionary, its macrostructure and the entries’ structure are described. The most famous film expressions are analyzed. Various problems of their translation is considered.

The article utilizes the social role theory to study interpreting and determines the appropriate set of social roles, while each role is defined in a concise way. The main focus is on the interpreter­psychologist role; interpreting is compared to psychological practice. The evolution of the emotional intelligence concept and its content is another highlight of the article. The model of emotional intelligence by Daniel Goleman serves as the basis for analyzing the role of emotional intelligence in interpreting.

The article highlights the peculiarities of the translation process on the basis of three psychological schools: Gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics. The most important psychological processes in translation practice are perception, attention, memory and speech production. It is stressed that studying psychological processes is highly important for real understanding of translation practice and for cultivating skills for future translators and interpreters.

This article is devoted to the study of the conceptual, value and archetypal side of the Nart epic, as well as some language material on the side cycles of the Narts. The course of the study is based on an analysis of the cultural concepts and value attractors of Nartiada, which are common to the majority of the linguistic Iberian­Caucasian language family. In order to reveal the linguo­mental complex of representatives of the linguistic world that preceded the emergence of most of the linguistic cultures of the peoples of the North Caucasus, we use both general semantic analysis and cognitive­semantic analysis, while updating the corpus of cognitive linguistics. In studying the cognitive­valency system of some of the heroes of Nartiada, while taking into account the specifics of the poetic text and folklore as a whole, we use the archetypal concept of K.G. Jung in its American variation to simplify the diachronic examination of the language. This approach makes it possible to use concrete examples to show the existence and evolution of concepts in individual languages, e. g. we touch on the specifics of the Ossetian (Ironic), Adyghe, Abkhaz, Chechen and Abaza languages of the Iberian­Caucasian language family. To illustrate the influence of the Nart epic on the Caucasian languages, we use some material from the Abazin language (the Iberian­Caucasian language family) and the Armenian language (the IndoEuropean language family) to show not only the existence and evolution of similar cultural concepts, but also the heterogeneous influence of Nartiades on different language families and language groups. The manifestation of cultural concepts and value attractors is also shown by the example of the nature and actions of the main characters of Nartiade from the cycles: “The Beginning of the Narts,” “Grounding” and the heroic cycle itself. The basis for the study is the linguistic and historical material accumulated by the expert in Caucasian studies T.A. Guriev and culturologist V.V. Ivanov.

The military vocabulary in any foreign language world picture reflects its ethnic origin. In foreign languages, a similar layer of the vocabulary of the national language is represented by approximately the same set of lexical units indicating the realities of war and military affairs in the most general sense. The accuracy of the semantics of a military term and the blurring of the semantics of a military lexicon unit used in the fiction text are the main signs of the division of these categories.

While performing simultaneous interpreting a simultaneous interpreter undoubtedly undertakes a number of syntactic, semantic and lexico­syntactic transformations. Nevertheless, multiple obstacles (linguistic, psychological, physiological and others) complicate the choice of the best possible interpreting strategy. As a result, there appears a number of employed transformations. The aim of this work is to identify both justified and unjustified usage of specific translation tools and evaluate the quality of interpreting.